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* Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Hochschulmedizin Berlin, Humboldt Universität, Schumannstr. 20/21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany; Experimentelle und Klinische Osteologie, Orthopädische Universitätsklinik, Brettreichstr. 11, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany; IRIBHN, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Hopital Erasme/ Bldg C, 808 Route de Lennik, B-1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: josef.koehrle{at}charite.de.
Recent identification of new selenocysteine-containing proteins has revealed relationships between the two trace elements selenium and iodine and the hormone network. Several selenoproteins participate in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H2O2 produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Iodothyronine deiodinases are selenoproteins contributing to systemic or local thyroid hormone homeostasis. The selenium content in endocrine tissues (thyroid, adrenals, pituitary, testes, ovary) is higher than in many other organs. Nutritional selenium depletion results in retention while selenium repletion is followed by a rapid accumulation of selenium in endocrine tissues, reproductive organs and the brain. Selenproteins such as thioredoxin reductases constitute the link between the selenium metabolism and the regulation of transcription by redox sensitive ligand-modulated nuclear hormone receptors. Hormones and growth factors regulate the expression of selenoproteins and, conversely, selenium supply modulates hormone actions. Selenoproteins are involved in bone metabolism as well as functions of the endocrine pancreas and adrenal glands. Furthermore, spermatogenesis depends on adequate selenium supply, whereas selenium excess may impair ovarian function. Comparative analysis of the genomes of several life forms reveals that higher mammals contain a limited number of identical genes encoding newly detected selenocysteine-containing proteins.
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