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THE ENDOCRINE SOCIETY |
Citation for the 2007 Fred Conrad Koch Award of The Endocrine Society to Dr. John D. Baxter
The Endocrine Society confers its highest honor, the Fred Conrad Koch Award, on Dr. John D. Baxter, for his contributions in endocrine discovery, translation of discovery to the bedside, leadership, and teaching. Dr. Baxter has been a major pioneer in applying recombinant DNA technology, molecular biology, and structural biology to elucidating the mechanisms of hormone action and developing novel therapeutics.
Working as a fellow at the NIH with the late Gordon Tomkins, John developed a lifelong interest in the mechanisms of hormone action. As a young faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco, his laboratory was among the first to use recombinant DNA technology to study hormone structure and function. They were first to clone human, rat, and bovine growth hormone and prolactin cDNAs and cloned the first human hormone gene sequences (for chorionic somatomammotropin) and genes for several hormones. These were among the first cDNAs and genes ever cloned, providing major insights into gene structure, function, and evolution and providing probes for studying regulated gene expression.
His group was among the first to apply recombinant DNA technology for producing useful proteins. There had been initial doubts that bacteria could express mammalian gene sequences, but in 1978 his group expressed rat growth hormone in E. coli, one of three that year to show that mammalian cDNAs could be expressed in bacteria using mammalian codons, thus establishing that recombinant DNA technology was a viable means for producing medically useful proteins. In 1979 his group reported the first bacterial synthesis of human growth hormone (hGH), the forerunner of the current hGH production; in 1980 his group reported the first cloning and bacterial expression of bovine growth hormone (bGH), leading to the widespread use of bGH for increasing production and decreasing the cost of milk worldwide. That same year they reported the first demonstration of biological activity for a bacterially synthesized recombinant DNA product.
Baxter has made seminal contributions to understanding hormone action. These include studies of the glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and thyroid hormone receptors and their actions to bind DNA, modify chromatin, and regulate gene transcription. His description of defects in the glucocorticoid receptor in cultured cells was the first discovery of a defect in any hormone receptor causing hormone resistance. This work was the forerunner of now commonly described receptor defects.
He and his colleagues elucidated the x-ray crystal structure of the liganded thyroid hormone receptor, the first description of a small ligand bound to any receptor. This structure and follow-up studies have provided crucial insight into mechanisms of ligand binding, ligand-induced conformational changes, interactions with coregulator partners, atomic mechanisms for receptor defects in hormone resistance, and design of novel ligands for potential clinical use. These agonist compounds selectively elicit wanted but not unwanted effects of thyroid hormones and are now in clinical trials for potential treatment of atherosclerosis and obesity.
Dr. Baxter has been a leader. He served as Chief of Medical Endocrinology at the Parnassus Campus of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) for 17 years, during which time, with minimal resources, Endocrinology at that campus ranked number 3 nationwide. He was Director of the Metabolic Research Unit for 19 years where he and his colleagues conducted their research and where he founded the highly successful UCSF Diabetes Center. He co-edited two leading textbooks of endocrinology, one of which received the American Medical Writers Honorable Mention Award. In 2002–2003 he served as President of The Endocrine Society, supervising the launch of our current strategic plan, including greater international participation and outreach, an initiative in cardiovascular endocrinology, increased member participation, and membership growth to record numbers.
Dr. Baxter has vigorously translated medical discoveries to clinical application. Royalties from his laboratory’s discoveries paid to the University of California exceed $350,000,000 and continue to come in. He helped to start five companies involved in biotechnology, information technology, and medical devices that have successfully commercialized several products.
Finally, Baxter has trained nearly 80 students, fellows, and visiting faculty. More than has 40 of his trainees hold faculty positions throughout the world, including 21 Full Professors. Ten are department chairs, institute directors, or division chiefs, and eight are CEOs, founders, or executive or senior vice presidents in industry. Two have been elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
John Baxter’s work has been recognized by his receipt of the Outstanding Investigator Award from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Dauntreband Prize presented by the Queen of Belgium, the Albion O. Bernstein Award from the New York Medical Society, the Edwin B. Astwood Award Lecture from The Endocrine Society, two honorary doctoral degrees, and by his election to the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine.
Walter L. Miller
Citation for the 2007 Ernst Oppenheimer Award of The Endocrine Society to Dr. Rohit N. Kulkarni
Rohit N. Kulkarni, M.D., Ph.D., is the winner of the 2007 Ernst Oppenheimer Award of The Endocrine Society. His studies on the role insulin and IGF-I action in pancreatic ß-cell and control of ß-cell apoptosis and growth represent truly seminal work that has opened whole new areas of islet biology and provided unique insights into the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
Dr. Kulkarni received his M.D. at St. John’s Medical College of Bangalore University and did his Ph.D. in the laboratory of Steve Bloom at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, University of London, followed by clinical training in endocrinology at the Hammersmith Hospital. In 1997, he came to the United States and the Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School for postdoctoral training. In 2000, he was appointed Assistant Investigator and Instructor at Harvard and, in 2004, Investigator at Joslin Diabetes Center and Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School.
Over the past decade, Dr. Kulkarni’s laboratory has used sophisticated mouse molecular genetic approaches to define the role of insulin and IGF-I action on ß-cell function and its abnormalities in diabetes. In a landmark paper, Kulkarni created and characterized the first tissue-specific knockout of insulin receptors in pancreatic ß-cells and demonstrated that insulin resistance in ß-cells creates a first-phase insulin secretory defect similar to that of humans with type 2 diabetes. This important paper was followed by an elegant series of studies demonstrating the role of insulin in controlling ß-cell function. These included studies in which he characterized insulin signaling in pancreatic ß-cells and determined the role of the four main insulin receptor substrates in altered islet function and gene expression. He also showed how these early signals linked to the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase pathway and release of intracellular Ca2+ stores and showed that the insulin secretory defect in IRS-1 null ß-cells is linked to reduced calcium signaling and expression of Ca2+-ATPases SERCA-2b and -3. In each case, Kulkarni either created and/or made use of in vivo genetic models, as well as cultured ß-cell lines, created by breeding knockout mice with mice carrying the SV40T antigen on a ß-cell-specific promoter. He has also shown that, contrary to popular belief, it is insulin and not IGF-I receptors that are important in postnatal ß-cell growth, antiapoptotic effects, and ß-cell growth response to insulin resistance.
In addition to his work on insulin action on ß-cells, Kulkarni has studied effects of IGF-I and other hormones, such as melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) and leptin, on ß-cell growth and function. He created mice with a ß-cell-specific deletion of the IGF-I receptor and, to the surprise of the scientific community, found that this leads to hyperinsulinemia and glucose intolerance, without altering ß-cell mass. He also created double-knockout mice lacking both insulin and IGF-I receptors in ß-cells to demonstrate the additive nature of the signals between these two receptors. He has also investigated what controls ß-cell growth in insulin-resistant states and, in novel experiments using a transplantation strategy, produced evidence for a circulating islet cell growth factor in insulin-resistance states.
Most recently, Kulkarni has focused on other novel aspects of islet function and metabolic control. In collaboration with the Korsmeyer laboratory, Kulkarni has studied the role of Bax, Bad, and other members of the Bcl family in control of ß-cell apoptosis. And in collaboration with the Montminy laboratory, he was involved in work that demonstrated that cAMP promotes pancreatic ß-cell survival via CREB-mediated induction of IRS-2 and that up-regulation of IRS-2 in pancreatic ß-cells prevents diabetes. Furthermore, he has studied the role of TRB3, a mammalian homolog of the Drosophila protein Tribbles, in ß-cell function. Finally, he has recently created mice with tissue-specific knockout of insulin and IGF-I receptors in pancreatic 
-cells and, in independent studies, knocked out leptin receptors in ß-cells to demonstrate the consequences on islet hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis.
Taken together, Kulkarni’s work has helped reshape our view of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Although traditional views have considered type 2 diabetes the result of two distinct pathogenetic defects, i.e. peripheral insulin resistance and relative ß-cell failure, through this elegant body of work, we now have an entirely new picture of the ß-cell and type 2 diabetes, which integrates these defects. It is not surprising that his work has produced many publications in the highest-quality peer-reviewed journals and that he is a frequent speaker at national and international meetings. Dr. Kulkarni is widely recognized as one of the leading young scientists in the field of diabetes research.
C. Ronald Kahn
Citation for the 2007 Robert H. Williams Distinguished Leadership Award of The Endocrine Society to Dr. Lewis E. Braverman
Lewis E. Braverman, M.D., is the recipient of the 2007 Robert H. Williams Distinguished Leadership Award presented for his pioneering studies of thyroid physiology and pathophysiology, the training of endocrinologists, his outstanding teaching, his service on Endocrine Society committees, and his editorial leadership of major medical publications.
Dr. Braverman graduated from Harvard College and received his M.D. degree from Johns Hopkins. After an internship at the Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, he served for two years in France as an Army General Medical Officer, returning to complete his medical residency at Boston City Hospital-Harvard Medical Services and an endocrinology fellowship under the direction of the late Sidney H. Ingbar, a close colleague.
His years at the Thorndike laboratory, a Mecca of basic and clinical research, were seminal for Dr. Braverman’s exceptional career. Within a few years, he published a series of outstanding papers. His 1963 JCI paper, "Changes in thyroidal function during adaptation to large doses of iodine," demonstrated that the thyroid adaptation to excess iodine was due to decreased iodine trapping from the plasma into the thyroid. Typical of his tenacity, Dr. Braverman revisited this topic in the late 1990s with Drs. Peter Eng and William Chin and demonstrated that the escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect was due to down-regulation of the expression of the Na-I symporter.
In 1963 Dr. Braverman moved to St. Elizabeth’s Hospital as Chief of Endocrinology and Professor of Medicine at Tufts Medical School. Very soon his laboratory became extremely productive, attracting national and international fellows. There, with Ingbar and the late Kenneth Sterling, he reported the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, a milestone discovery. In short order, his group generated several key observations including that the conversion of T4 to T3 was enzymatically regulated and decreased by fasting and that the clinical effects of pharmacological doses of iodine on the normal and diseased thyroid at times resulted in iodide-induced hypothyroidism or iodide-induced thyrotoxicosis.
In 1975 he moved to the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester as Professor of Medicine, Chief of the Section of Endocrinology and Chairman of the Department of Nuclear Medicine. The new lab was again prolific, reporting remarkable findings such as the sequential deiodination of T4 to its various deiodinated products, the role of SH groups in the enzymatic activity of the 5' deiodinase, the role of the placenta in T4 deiodination, especially the generation of reverse T3 by inner ring deiodination, and the so-called "Hamburger Thyrotoxicosis" caused by the consumption of bovine thyroid contamination of ground beef.
In 1998 he was a Visiting Professor at Harvard Medical School and the Brigham and Women’s Hospital where he became Bill Chin’s oldest fellow. A year later, he became Professor of Medicine and Chief of the Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition at Boston University School of Medicine where his exceptional productivity continued unabated.
He has published more than 500 original papers, review articles, book chapters, and monographs, highly cited by the scientific community. He co-edits, with Robert Utiger, "Werner and Ingbar’s The Thyroid" and is Editor-in Chief of Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity and Endocrine Practice.
Dr. Braverman has received many awards from the American Thyroid Association, including the Van Meter Prize, the Sidney H. Ingbar Distinguished Lectureship, the Paul Starr Memorial Award Lecture, the Pathophysiology Award and Medal, and the Distinguished Service Award. He has also served as Secretary and President of the American Thyroid Association. Dr. Braverman has served on the Council of The Endocrine Society and as Editor-in-Chief of The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism and introduced Editorials and Clinical Reviews, both of which are well received. He has also received the Distinguished Clinician Award from the American College of Endocrinology, the Hamburger Teaching Award from Technion University in Israel, the Berthold Prize of the German Endocrine Society, and an Honorary Doctorate in Medicine from the University of Parma, Italy. Dr. Braverman will receive the TAPF Lifetime Achievement Award and Honorary Visiting Professor Award in July 2007 from the Thai American Physician Foundation. Finally, he has served on NIH Endocrinology Study Sections and site visit teams.
Of greatest importance, Dr. Braverman is a superb teacher and clinician, having received faculty teaching awards from Tufts University School of Medicine and the University of Massachusetts Medical School. He has served as the mentor and friend of over 50 fellows from the United States and abroad, many of whom have gone on to outstanding academic careers as Section Chiefs, Chairs of Medicine, and Deans.
Dr. Braverman, a warm human being, is a man of the highest integrity and empathy for his patients, fellows, friends, and colleagues. He and his wife Mimi have been parents and grandparents to many of his trainees and their children. Their homes in Newton, Boston, and Gloucester have been wonderful recreational spots for those of us who worked with him. Finally, their two sons, both brilliant lawyers, and four grandchildren have been a great joy to them.
Dr. Braverman is most worthy of the Robert H. Williams Distinguished Leadership Award of The Endocrine Society.
Apostolos G. Vagenakis
Citation for the 2007 Edwin B. Astwood Award Lecture of The Endocrine Society to Dr. Lawrence C. Chan
Lawrence Chan grew up in Hong Kong and earned his early doctorate degree at the University of Hong Kong. After a residency at Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, he moved to Vanderbilt University as an Instructor in Medicine and a member of the laboratory group of Bert O’Malley and Anthony Means. Larry made important early contributions to molecular endocrinology in his important publications dealing with steroid hormone action. After moving to Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, he initiated a series of pioneering contributions to fields of lipid and carbohydrate research and their related diseases. He introduced molecular biology to lipoprotein research in the 1970s. Subsequently, he reported the cloning of the first apolipoprotein and formulated the now widely accepted apolipoprotein multigene family concept. For decades, elucidating the structure of apoB-100 was the Holy Grail of lipoprotein research, and Chan accomplished this feat in 1986. Based on the newly completed amino acid sequence and the susceptibility of different regions of LDL apoB-100 to tryptic digestion in vitro, he proposed a physical map of apoB-100 on LDL that has become the gold standard in the field; this map is often reproduced in core resources, like Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. Chan next discovered apoB mRNA editing, the first instance of RNA editing in higher organisms. This genetic pathway also has been included in standard textbooks with others of his seminal discoveries. Since Dr. Chan’s groundbreaking discovery, RNA editing is now known to be involved in biomedical research areas as diverse as neuroscience, immune diversity, retrovirology, and lipid homeostasis. His other contributions include initial reports on the structure, function, and genetic defects of members of the family of vascular lipases. Subsequently, Chan developed novel gene therapy regimens that enabled him to effect lifetime correction of genetic hypercholesterolemia in mice; preclinical testing of one of the regimens in LDL receptor-deficient rhesus monkeys has led to complete normalization of the plasma cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in these animals.
As Larry Chan next turned his attention to the field of carbohydrate metabolism, he quickly made some groundbreaking discoveries. He developed a gene therapy-induced islet neogenesis strategy that "cures" diabetes in mice—a finding that is significant for its potential as a new treatment. It was also the first demonstration that gene transfer of a developmental transcription factor can lead to the biogenesis of a complete organ (endocrine pancreas) in the liver of an adult animal, an accomplishment for which he has received major notoriety in journal editorials and newspapers. He next discovered the presence of extrapancreatic proinsulin-producing cells in multiple organs in diabetes in a 2004 PNAS paper. He further discovered that diabetes induces the fusion of these abnormal bone marrow-derived cells with peripheral cells such as hepatocytes. In a major paper in Nature Medicine in 2005, in collaboration with Drs. R. Pasqualini and W. Arap, he published a protocol for the reversal of obesity by targeted ablation of adipose tissue. In this study, they described the delivery of targeted peptides that dissolve fat cells in vivo, "curing" the diabetes and metabolic syndrome in these animals. They are now testing this novel peptide therapy in obese baboons. Finally, Dr. Chan made the paradigm-shifting discovery in 2005 that, in diabetes, proinsulin-producing cells from the bone marrow of diabetic animals circulate and fuse with peripheral nerve cells to promote the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
Larry Chan is currently Director of the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Baylor College of Medicine. He also occupies the Betty Rutherford Chair in Diabetes Research at Baylor. He has published over 300 original publications in top journals. He has received a number of distinguished honors, including the Heinrich Wieland Prize, Louis Katz Prize, Roche Award, and DeBakey Award. In view of his many groundbreaking contributions in the areas of lipoprotein/lipid/carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes, and for his long dedication to research in the field of endocrinology, Dr. Larry Chan is undoubtedly an ideal recipient of the 2007 Edwin B. Astwood Award of The Endocrine Society.
Bert O’Malley
Citation for the 2007 Clinical Investigator Award Lecture of The Endocrine Society to Dr. Stephen O’Rahilly
The Endocrine Society is delighted to honor Stephen O’Rahilly with the Clinical Investigator Award. He is a preeminent clinician-scientist in the field of obesity and metabolism, and his work is distinguished by a combination of astute clinical observation with incisive laboratory research.
Steve graduated in 1981 with distinction and gold medals from University College & Mater Hospital, Dublin. His early research was mentored by Robert Turner in Oxford and included seminal work describing impaired ß-cell function and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. His first genetic linkage studies in this disorder paved the way for subsequent elucidation of monogenic forms of early-onset diabetes. A traveling research fellowship with Jeff Flier at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston sparked his interest in severe insulin resistance. In 1991, he returned to Cambridge as a Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Fellow to continue studies into extreme phenotypes including both insulin resistance and later obesity, as well developing research in adipocyte biology, insulin action, and the genetics of commoner metabolic disorders.
His research has had the most profound impact in the field of obesity. In 1997, he described obesity resulting from mutations in the leptin and proprotein convertase 1 (PC1) genes, which represented the first specific genetic defects discovered to cause obesity. His work on PC1 deficiency is a classic example of outstanding research based on clinical observation: he identified an obese patient in his clinical practice with reactive hypoglycemia and found that she had markedly elevated proinsulin levels, suggesting a prohormone processing defect; he then cloned the human PC1 gene and identified compound heterozygous mutations in the patient, describing the first human disorder of propeptide conversion. Dr. O’Rahilly has characterized the phenotype of human leptin deficiency and its dramatic beneficial response to leptin therapy. In 1998, O’Rahilly and Froguel simultaneously reported that humans with null mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) developed a dominantly inherited form of severe obesity. With his colleague Sadaaf Farooqi, he has subsequently shown that approximately 5% of severely obese children have MC4R mutations and, remarkably, there is clear correlation between the degree of loss of function in MC4R and the phenotype, which includes hyperphagia, increased lean and fat mass, rapid linear growth, and increased bone density. Drs. O’Rahilly and Farooqi have reported a TrkB mutation in human obesity, representing the first link between neurotrophin receptors and human energy balance and have shown that ß-MSH, a neglected melanocortin, is also critical for human energy homeostasis.
Steve also investigates patients with extreme disorders of insulin action. He first described a homozygous null mutation of the human insulin receptor (IR) and the use of prenatal molecular genetic diagnosis in this context. His work on IR has clarified genotype/phenotype relationships in insulin receptoropathies and studies of naturally occurring mutations have delineated functional aspects of insulin signaling. He has shown that patients with pseudoacromegalic insulin resistance are characterized by defects in insulin-stimulated PI3-kinase activation. His discovery of PPAR
mutations in insulin-resistant, hypertensive patients, in collaboration with Barroso and my own group, was the first evidence of this nuclear receptor’s role in regulating human insulin sensitivity and blood pressure. Continuing collaboration has led to the identification of mutations in two unlinked genes (PPARG, PPP1R3) interacting epistatically to produce severe insulin resistance. O’Rahilly and Barroso have described a mutation in AKT2, representing the first post-receptor defect in human insulin signaling.
In addition to his own work, Steve has made important contributions to research and clinical science in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. He has mentored many young investigators who have now established their own research careers and has been a passionate advocate for clinical research, which has influenced the development of Clinical Research Facilities in the United Kingdom. He has been the driving force behind the creation of an Institute of Metabolic Science in Cambridge, dedicated to research in Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism and patient care. He has served on numerous editorial boards, including The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, and is a founding Associate Editor of Cell Metabolism. He has received many awards for his work, including the Heinrich Wieland Prize, the Novartis International Award, the Society of Endocrinology Medal, The European Journal of Endocrinology Prize, The Rolf Luft Award of the Karolinska Institute, and the Novo Nordisk Prize. In 2003 he was elected to the Royal Society, the United Kingdom’s National Academy of Science, a rare distinction for a clinically active researcher. In 2004 he was made an Honorary Member of the Academy of American Physicians. I can think of no worthier recipient of the 2007 Clinical Investigator Award.
Krishna Chatterjee
Citation for the 2007 Gerald D. Aurbach Award Lecture of The Endocrine Society to Dr. Eve Van Cauter
Dr. Eve Van Cauter, the recipient of the 2007 Gerald D. Aurbach Award Lecture, can be considered as the queen of "the endocrinology of sleep." She is a strong supporter of a sound sleep for every hard-working professional.
She was born in Brussels, Belgium, and received her education at the French-speaking Université Libre de Bruxelles. In 1979 she became Assistant Professor at the Department of Medicine of the University of Chicago and from 2000 has been Professor of Medicine at that Institution.
Dr. Van Cauter’s prime interest is the role of sleep and circadian rhythmicity in endocrine regulation, metabolism, cardiovascular function, mood, and cognitive performance. She carried out a great number of beautiful clinical sleep studies reporting the relationship of different sleep patterns with corticotropin, cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin secretion. Also the effects of different forms of sleep deprivation and jet lag on circadian hormone rhythmicity were studied.
Ground-breaking are her studies on the interaction between hormone secretion and sleep quality during the aging process and associated changes in health and the decline in cognition.
She greatly contributed to the analysis and modeling of biological rhythms by developing computer algorithms quantifying the temporal variations of hormones, sleep stages, and abrupt time shifts. Also she studied conditions of abnormal circadian timing associated with mental illness.
A recent important breakthrough in her work is the notion that partial sleep deprivation (sleeping less than 7 hours on a regular basis), as is prevalent in many hard-working professional men and women, is associated with serious health consequences, including the development of a prediabetic state, impairments in the immune system, and interference with cardiovascular function and blood pressure regulation. A fundamental observation is that chronic lack of sleep deranges hormonal appetite control and may be linked to the current epidemic of obesity. These studies have brought endocrinology to the forefront of obesity research.
Dr. Van Cauter has extensively published in the best endocrine and non-endocrine journals and is an excellent teacher. She has been a frequent plenary speaker at many international conferences.
Eve is an excellent tennis player.
Steven W. J. Lamberts
Citation for the 2007 Sidney H. Ingbar Distinguished Service Award of The Endocrine Society to Dr. Robert A. Vigersky
Robert A. Vigersky, M.D., is the recipient of the 2007 Sidney H. Ingbar Award "in recognition of distinguished service in the field of endocrinology." Bob has been a leader among clinical endocrinologists and an exemplary member of The Endocrine Society (TES) for well over three decades. He is extremely deserving of this prestigious award.
Born in 1947 in Jersey City, New Jersey, Bob has had a varied and outstanding career. He began his medical career in the 6-year Program of Liberal Arts and Medicine at Boston University in 1964. While at BU, Bob received numerous academic accolades, was inducted into the A
A National Medical Honor Society, graduated Magna Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa, and served as Valedictorian for the BU School of Medicine class of 1970. From there, he traveled to Baltimore for his internal medicine internship and residency at The Johns Hopkins Hospital.
After leaving Johns Hopkins, Bob completed a fellowship in Endocrinology and Metabolism at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the NIH, under the tutelage of Mortimer Lipsett, Griff Ross, and D. Lynn Loriaux. From 1976 to 1984, he conducted clinical and bench research at Kyle Metabolic Unit, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, publishing over 40 peer-reviewed scientific articles on topics ranging from anorexia nervosa and control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to effects of testolactone on rats and humans. His articles have appeared in The New England Journal of Medicine, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Fertility and Sterility among others.
In 1984, Bob’s career changed course as he entered private practice, devoting himself to the care of patients with diabetes and other endocrine disorders for the next 16 years. He continued to publish scholarly articles while serving as Medical Director of the Diabetes Treatment Center at Georgetown University Hospital and Washington Hospital Center. Additionally, Bob’s activism on behalf of practicing endocrinologists began to grow.
Beginning in the late 1980s, Bob became involved in numerous committees including the Clinical Endocrine Initiatives Committee and Publications Committee. In recognition of his leadership skills, he was elected to Council in 1994 and also began a long stint as TES delegate (or alternate delegate) to the AMA. In this critical role, Bob has been a tireless advocate and articulate spokesman for clinical endocrinologists for 20 years, giving our subspecialty extra clout and influence well beyond our numbers.
The year 2000 marked another turning point in Bob Vigersky’s professional career. He left private practice to rejoin the Army and become Medical Director of the Diabetes Institute of the Walter Reed Health Care System. Here, Bob became a leader in the use of telemedicine and wireless technology to improve outcomes in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. In addition, he was TES representative to the AMA CME Program Advisory Committee on Managing Diabetes, served on the JCAHO Advisory Committee for In-Patient Diabetes Certification, and is a member of the Standards for Continuous Glucose Monitoring Subcommittee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. His commitment to improving the delivery of quality care to people with diabetes is profound and multifaceted.
Also in 2000, Bob was named Chair of the Clinical Affairs Committee and, perhaps most crucially, served on the Strategic Planning and Implementation Committee of TES, chaired by Peggy Shupnik. Bob argued forcefully for a new tripartite governance structure in which the Presidency would rotate among basic scientists, clinical scientists, and physicians-in-practice every 3 years. This novel structure, coupled with the creation of three constituency-based Vice President positions, revolutionized TES and resulted in a much more dynamic and inclusive Society for all.
Not one to rest on previous accomplishments, Bob’s activism continued. In 2003, he was the corresponding author of a critically important and prescient White Paper (jointly published by AACE, ADA, and TES) predicting a serious shortage of endocrinologists in the years to come. He also spearheaded creation of the long-awaited Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee (CGS) and continues to serve as its first Chair. Under his capable stewardship, the CGS has released several comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines, all employing the highest standards of evidence-based medicine and fulfilling a vital mandate of the 2002 Strategic Plan.
On a personal note, Bob is a true role model and inspiration for me. I am continually impressed by his wisdom, professional integrity, and persistent activism on behalf of our profession. I can think of no more deserving recipient for the 2007 Sidney H. Ingbar Distinguished Service Award than Bob Vigersky.
Carolyn Becker
Citation for the 2007 Roy O. Greep Award Lecture of The Endocrine Society to Dr. Sally A. Camper
Dr. Camper, a world leader in the genetic regulation of cell specification in the pituitary gland, is "an inspiring model for all scientists." An exceptionally bright and innovative investigator, her research is consistently of the highest caliber. Her astute judgment and generosity are greatly valued by colleagues around the world.
Dr. Camper’s graduate work with Fritz Rottman introduced her to the hormonal regulation of gene transcription and posttranscriptional modification of mRNA during the early years of molecular cloning. Dr. Camper was instrumental in the initial cloning of the bovine prolactin gene, developing technology for transfecting GH3 cells, and demonstrating for the first time that glucocorticoids negatively regulate prolactin transcription through a promoter proximal element in a tissue-specific manner. As a postdoctoral fellow with Shirley Tilghman, Dr. Camper set the standard for the use of transgenic mice in research. In her highly cited Science article, she used 50 transgenic lines to illustrate the role of individual enhancers in tissue-specific expression, developmental regulation, and physiological response.
Dr. Camper was recruited to the Department of Human Genetics at the University of Michigan in 1988, where she continued her ground-breaking work combining genetics, transgenics, and knockout and knock-in mice to understand endocrine systems. Using positional cloning of classic mouse mutants as an entree to the molecular underpinnings of pituitary hypoplasia, she contributed substantially to our understanding of the roles of the transcription factors Pit1, Prop1, and Pitx2 in early pituitary organogenesis, cell specification, and function of mature cells. Her group was the first to implicate notch signaling as a target of Prop1, and she has helped elucidate the functional hierarchy among pituitary transcription factors including Lhx3, Lhx4, Gata2, and Foxl2. She has pioneered the use of bioinformatics to understand pituitary development by characterizing the transcriptome of the developing pituitary gland. Her pituitary studies generated two animal models of pituitary adenoma, the most common type of intracranial neoplasia. In addition, Dr. Camper has used positional cloning to identify mouse genes responsible for spina bifida, congenital deafness, and startle epilepsy, leading in each case to the rapid identification of human disease genes.
Dr. Camper has published over 125 peer-reviewed, highly cited journal articles and has a continuous record of external funding, including an NIH Merit award. She also established and directs the University of Michigan Transgenic Animal Model Core, considered by many to be the top transgenic facility in the United States. This facility has generated over 10,000 transgenic mice for investigators around the world. It pioneered the use of large bacterial artificial chromosome clones to make transgenic mice, using BAC complementation to accelerate positional cloning. She collaborated with Linda Samuelson to bring gene knockout technology to the University of Michigan in 1991. Her work on inactivation of the -subunit of gonadotropin illuminated the role of pituitary hormones in gonadal sexual differentiation. With Chip Ridgway’s group, her laboratory established the expression pattern of the -subunit promoter in transgenic mice and used it to probe lineage relationships among pituitary cell types using diphtheria toxin and cre-loxP approaches. This well-characterized promoter has been used by many investigators for pituitary gene expression and functional studies.
A skillful and dedicated educator, Dr. Camper is a sought-after speaker at National and International meetings and an outstanding mentor to the next generation of scientists. She has trained over 60 undergraduate, graduate, and postdoctoral students, many of whom hold faculty positions. She helped establish and served for 5 years as Associate Director of the combined graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences at the University of Michigan. With Kelly Mayo, she has advanced the use of transgenic technology by developing and teaching a training module for the Frontiers in Reproduction course at Woods Hole, in addition to the open access training she helped make available at University of Michigan.
Dr. Camper chaired the International Mouse Genome Chromosome 11 Committee, mapping many genes of interest to endocrinologists. She served on study sections, editorial boards, and organizing committees for training courses and meetings, including the Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society. In 2005, she was appointed James V. Neel Professor and Chair of the Department of Human Genetics, becoming one of the first three women chairs at the University of Michigan Medical School.
Dr. Camper is the recipient of multiple awards including the University of Michigan Faculty Recognition Award and Distinguished Faculty Lectureship Award, Young Investigator awards from the March of Dimes and the National Society for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, and the Michigan State University Boezi Alumni Award.
For her scientific excellence and her outstanding contributions to the endocrine community, Dr. Camper is highly deserving of the Roy O. Greep Award.
Christin Carter-Su
Citation for the 2007 Distinguished Educator Award of The Endocrine Society to Dr. Kenneth L. Becker
Dr. Kenneth L. Becker is this year’s recipient of the Distinguished Educator Award given yearly to an individual who is recognized for exceptional achievement in education in the field of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Dr. Becker received his undergraduate degree from the University of Michigan and his medical degree from New York Medical College. He then also received a Ph.D. degree in Medicine and Physiology from the University of Minnesota. He took his Internal Medicine residency at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, and continued as a Fellow in Endocrinology at the same institution. He has been Chief of the Endocrinology Section at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Washington, D.C., from 1964 to the present, as well as Endocrine Training Program Director at George Washington University from 1966 to the present, and Chief of Endocrinology at the University from 1972 to the present.
Dr. Becker has won the Golden Apple Award for Teaching Professor of the Year at George Washington University Medical Center and he has been Director of the Endocrine Curriculum in both Medicine and Physiology at George Washington University School of Medicine for several decades. Of course, Dr. Becker is most well known for his textbook entitled "Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism," which is now in its third edition. In the mid-1980s, Dr. Becker perceived the need for an innovative textbook in the field of Endocrinology that would be comprehensive yet readable by students, house staff, fellows, and staff alike. He virtually single-handedly transformed this concept into reality, and since the appearance of the first edition his textbook has become what has been described as a "leviathan" of endocrinology (review by Dr. Donald Holub, Trends in Endocrinology, 1990, page 348). Dr. Becker’s text has served as a fundamental teaching source for endocrinologists worldwide. It has consistently been included in the recommended Library for Internists by the American College of Physicians (Ann Int Med 114:816, 1991; Ann Int Med 120:699, 1994; Ann Int Med 126:836, 1997). Clearly, Dr. Becker’s textbook has earned a well-established reputation among endocrinologists. He has successfully melded basic and clinical endocrinology into a single useful book for all physicians and, indeed, for all individuals seeking to learn about the broad field of endocrinology. By writing and editing such an important text, Dr. Becker has, directly or indirectly, contributed to the education of an incalculable number of individuals worldwide. For this important accomplishment alone he deserves the Educator Award.
In addition, Dr. Becker has trained over 80 Endocrine Fellows with about 25% going on to have ties to academic teaching institutions, thus leading to further propagation of his teaching ideals and principles. He has led twice-weekly endocrine conferences for many years at the George Washington University Medical Center and the VA Medical Center. Many students, house staff, and fellows attend these conferences and benefit from his teaching. Furthermore, he has given multiple lectures worldwide at universities and symposia.
Separate from these activities, Dr. Becker has run a laboratory that for approximately the last 20 years has focused upon neuroendocrine secretory products. Some of his initial investigations in this field led to another text entitled "The Endocrine Lung in Health and Disease," published by W.B. Saunders in 1984. Indeed, this text led to the development of study into a new field of endeavor. Most recently, he has studied the potential role and importance of calcitonin precursors in sepsis. Based on this work, he has developed a new methodology of therapy for this disease entity.
In addition to these achievements, Dr. Becker has created, supervised, and administered a very active Endocrine clinical program involving George Washington University Medical Center, the VA Medical Center and, until recently, the Washington Hospital Center. These endocrine services are extremely active, involving both inpatient and outpatient visits as well as clinical bedside daily teaching of students, house staff, and fellows.
Dr. Becker’s accomplishments in education and science speak for themselves. In addition, from a personal standpoint, Dr. Becker has been unfailingly supportive of his peers and his trainees and has personally helped to ensure success in their careers. He is friendly, cooperative, intelligent, and a team builder.
In summary, Dr. Becker is a highly accomplished and admired educator, teacher, scientist, and clinician. His educational leadership has extended worldwide and has influenced innumerable students, endocrine fellows, and staff members. He amply deserves this recognition by The Endocrine Society and humbly accepts this award.
Kenneth D. Burman
Citation for the 2007 Distinguished Physician Award of The Endocrine Society to Dr. Bernardo L. Wajchenberg
Professor Bernardo Leo Wajchenberg has spent over 50 years in academic endocrinology, excelling as clinician, mentor, and clinical and basic science investigator in areas as diverse as diabetes, adrenal and thyroid disease, genetics, and reproductive endocrinology. The Endocrine Society is pleased to recognize the breadth, depth, and longevity of his illustrious career with the 2007 Distinguished Physician Award.
Recognition of Dr. Wajchenberg’s achievements began early in his career in 1950, with receipt of the Rockefeller Foundation Prize as the outstanding graduate in his medical school class at the University of São Paulo in Brazil. After completing a residency in Internal Medicine at the Hospital das Clinicas of the University of São Paulo, he ventured north to become a Lilly Research Laboratories Fellow at the University of Minnesota followed by a W.K. Kellogg Fellowship at the University of Michigan. He returned to his alma mater, where he advanced from junior staff, to chief of the Diabetes and Adrenal Unit, to chair of the Endocrinology and Metabolism Division and Chief of the Laboratory of Medical Research, and finally to become Vice-Chairman of the Department of Medicine. Despite the administrative load, he personally mentored eight master’s candidates, six Ph.D. candidates, and ten Doctor in Medicine candidates. His students have gone on to their own productive careers with over 300 peer-reviewed publications among them. He is described by his former students as "a tireless worker, a perfectionist... and a man of absolute integrity and principle."
Dr. Wajchenberg’s research productivity began with a 1954 publication in Gastroenterology, entitled "Urinary Excretion of Aminoacids in Diffuse Hepatic Necrosis." His first Nature paper was published in 1957 addressing electrophoretic patterns. During his esteemed career, Dr. Wajchenberg has published 253 peer-reviewed articles in three languages. Twenty-seven of his publications have been in The Endocrine Society journals, beginning in 1963 in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism through April 2007 in Endocrine Reviews (his third manuscript in the publication). In the last two years, he has had papers published in Metabolism, Journal of Applied Physiology, and Diabetic Medicine. His collaborators have spanned the Society’s Laureate Award winners and have included such luminaries as Andrew Schally, Jerome Conn, Steve Fajans, Leslie DeGroot, Marvin Kirschner, and Gerry Reaven. More recently, his collaborators include George Chrousos and Alan Shuldiner.
From a research perspective, Bernardo has moved seamlessly between bench and bedside. From his early work in development of radioimmunoassays and the establishment of a core Brazilian nuclear medicine laboratory, to the introduction of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in evaluation of hepatic lipids and fundamental studies of insulin action, Bernardo has used techniques to further our understanding of human physiology and disease. His work always returns to the central theme of making life better for those we care for. Whether it is the introduction of o,p'-DDD for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (Annals of Internal Medicine, 1963), the metabolic effects of sulfonylureas (Metabolism, 1956), or the mechanism of action of phenformin (Diabetes, 1967), Dr. Wajchenberg’s work has positively affected patient care and outcomes. Even today, he is the PI for the top recruiting site of the BARI-2D Study, an NIH-sponsored trial examining the relative safety and efficacy of an insulin-providing vs. insulin-sparing regimen in the treatment of type 2 diabetes complicated by coronary artery disease.
Bernardo’s interests and expertise have garnered multiple awards and even more political appointments. He has served as president of the Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Brazilian Society of Diabetes, and the Latin American Association of Diabetes. He served on the Executive Committee of the International Diabetes Federation, the Program Committee of the International Congress of Endocrinology, and as vice-president of the Brazilian Society of Biology and Nuclear Medicine. His scientific contribution to diabetes was recognized by the Brazilian Society of Diabetes with the Francisco Arduino Prize in 2003.
In 2001, Dr. Wajchenberg started to slow down, retiring from the University of São Paulo Medical School and becoming Emeritus Professor of Medicine. Not surprisingly, this didn’t last long and he accepted the invitation to become the Coordinator of the Diabetes and Heart Service of the Heart Institute of the Hospital das Clinicas, returning to his original passion of patient care and teaching. Not only does he continue to round with students and fellows, directing patient care on the wards, he has assumed the truly daunting task of teaching cardiologists the pathophysiology and therapeutics of diabetes and metabolic diseases! Bernardo Leo Wajchenberg is an esteemed 42-year member of The Endocrine Society, truly deserving of recognition as the 2007 recipient of the Distinguished Physician Award.
Robert E. Ratner
Citation for the 2007 Richard E. Weitzman Memorial Award of The Endocrine Society to Dr. W. Lee Kraus
Dr. W. Lee Kraus has made major contributions toward understanding the role of chromatin structure in signal-regulated transcription by nuclear receptors and, more recently, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent chromatin-modifying enzymes, such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Dr. Kraus was the first to develop an in vitro chromatin assembly and transcription system that precisely and faithfully retained the known physiological specificity of transcription regulation by steroid hormones and their antagonists, acting through their nuclear receptors. Thus, through this seminal contribution, Dr. Kraus moved nuclear receptor-regulated transcription into a defined molecular system where it could—for the first time—be studied in detail by powerful biochemical methods. This advance enabled him to define important regulatory and signaling components and to characterize their posttranslational modifications, thereby elucidating the roles of distinct enhancer/coactivator combinations in transcriptional regulations. His work showed that, rather than being an inert substrate for transcription, chromatin actually plays an important role in determining signal-dependent transcriptional outcomes. Using the estrogen receptor (ER) as a model system, Dr. Kraus provided biochemical evidence that chromatin is required for ligand-dependent responses, isoform-specific responses, coactivator function, and nonclassical ER signaling through AP-1. His work was also instrumental in defining the mechanisms of activity of the general coactivator p300.
In addition to developing this novel in vitro chromatin assembly system, Dr. Kraus has also made the extremely novel observation of connections between nuclear NAD+ metabolism and nuclear receptor signaling mediated through PARP-1. His work has uncovered a critical role for PARP-1 in influencing chromatin structure and in nuclear receptor regulation of gene expression, findings that have now been validated by other research groups. His work has shown that nucleosome-binding proteins, such as PARP-1 and the linker histone H1, which can promote the compaction of chromatin into higher order chromatin structures, inhibit ER-dependent chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation. These studies have also shown that the composition of chromatin can selectively regulate distinct steps in the transcription process, adding an additional level of control beyond that achieved with sequence-specific activators and their direct coregulators. His most recent studies with PARP-1 have connected nuclear signaling by NAD+ to the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression by liganded ER. The convergence of these two signaling pathways (i.e. NAD+ and estrogens) represents an unexplored area of endocrine signaling that will likely have a broad impact on our understanding of signaling networks in the nucleus. In further recent work, Dr. Kraus has developed and exploited a range of novel biochemical, biophysical, cellular, and physiological approaches to address the diverse range of nuclear receptor activities in the context of chromatin.
Dr. Kraus’ novel approaches, insights, and observations have fundamentally changed our understanding of receptor-cofactor complexes and the involvement of chromatin structure in gene regulation by hormone receptors. He has described this truly seminal work on transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors in an extremely impressive group of publications that have appeared in the most highly rated journals.
Even at this early stage in his career, Dr. Kraus has already trained an impressive number of doctoral students and postdoctoral associates, and he is an extremely popular mentor. Not surprisingly, his laboratory has a very highly regarded international reputation. Dr. Kraus has also been unusually generous in providing expertise and critical reagents to many laboratories throughout the world who have been interested in adopting the novel chromatin assembly system he developed to study nuclear receptor control of transcription. His impact is further evidenced by his commentaries on recent articles published in leading journals.
In short, W. Lee Kraus has already made enormous contributions to the nuclear hormone receptor and gene transcriptional regulation fields at an early stage in his career. His broad and extremely important research findings have markedly advanced the field of hormone action. He is a rising star and is highly deserving of The Endocrine Society’s Richard E. Weitzman Memorial Award.
Christopher K. Glass
Citation for The Endocrine Society and Pfizer, Inc. International Award for Excellence in Published Clinical Research in The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Finalist Awards
"Radioiodine Ablation of Thyroid Remnants after Preparation with Recombinant Human Thyrotropin in Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Results of an International, Randomized, Controlled Study." Vol. 91, No. 3, p. 926–932. Authors: F. Pacini, P. W. Ladenson, M. Schlumberger, A. Driedger, M. Luster, R. T. Kloos, S. Sherman, B. Haugen, C. Corone, E. Molinaro, R. Elisei, C. Ceccarelli, A. Pinchera, R. L. Wahl, S. Leboulleux, M. Ricard, J. Yoo, N. L. Busaidy, E. Delpassand, H. Hanscheid, R. Felbinger, M. Lassmann, and C. Reiners. Section of Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (F.P., E.M., R.E., C.Ce., A.P.), University of Pisa, 43–56126 Pisa, Italy; Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (F.P.), University of Siena, 46–53100 Siena, Italy; Divisions of Endocrinology and Metabolism (P.W.L., R.L.W.) and Nuclear Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Service de Medicine Nucleaire et de Cancerologie Endocrinienne (M.S., S.L., M.R.), Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France; Department of Nuclear Medicine (A.D.), London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5W9; Klinik und Poliklinik fur Nuklearmedizin (M.Lu., H.H., R.F., M.La., C.R.), Universitat Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany; Departments of Internal Medicine and Radiology (R.T.K.), Divisions of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Departments of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders (S.S., N.L.B.) and Nuclear Medicine (E.D.), University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030; Division of Endocrinology (B.H.), University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045; Service de Médecine Nucléaire (C.Co.), Centre René Huguenin, 92210 Saint Cloud, France; and Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (J.Y.), University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B8.
"Effects of Testosterone Replacement in Androgen-Deficient Women with Hypopituitarism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study." Vol. 91, No. 5, p. 1683–1690. Authors: K. K. Miller, B. M. K. Biller, C. Beauregard, J. G. Lipman, J. Jones, D. Schoenfeld, J. C. Sherman, B. Swearingen, J. Loeffler and A. Klibanski. Neuroendocrine Unit (K.K.M., B.M.K.B., C.B., J.G.L., J.J., A.K.) and Departments of Neurosurgery (B.S.) and Radiation Oncology (J.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center (D.S.), and Psychology Assessment Center (J.C.S.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
"Levothyroxine Treatment in Euthyroid Pregnant Women with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Effects on Obstetrical Complications." Vol. 91, No. 7, p. 2587–2591. Authors: Roberto Negro, Gianni Formoso, Tiziana Mangieri, Antonio Pezzarossa, Davide Dazzi and Haslinda Hassan. Department of Endocrinology (R.N., G.F.), Azienda Ospedaliera LE/1, 73100 Lecce, Italy; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.M.), Casa di Cura "Salus", 72100 Brindisi, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine (A.P., D.D.), Azienda Ospedaliera PR, "Di Vaio" Hospital, 43036 Fidenza, Italy; and Endocrine Unit (H.H.), Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam BA 1000.
"Thiazolidinedione Use and Bone Loss in Older Diabetic Adults." Vol. 91, No. 9, p. 3349–3354. Authors: Ann V. Schwartz, Deborah E. Sellmeyer, Eric Vittinghoff, Lisa Palermo, Beata Lecka-Czernik, Kenneth R. Feingold, Elsa S. Strotmeyer, Helaine E. Resnick, Laura Carbone, Brock A. Beamer, Seok Won Park, Nancy E. Lane, Tamara B. Harris, and Steven R. Cummings for the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.V.S., E.V., L.P.) and Division of Endocrinology (D.E.S., K.R.F.), Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107-1762; Department of Geriatrics (B.L.-C.), Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202; Department of Epidemiology (E.S.S., S.W.P.), Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260; Department of Epidemiology (H.E.R.), MedStar Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland 20785; Division of Rheumatology (L.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163; Department of Medicine (B.A.B.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; Department of Medicine (S.W.P.), Pochon CHA University, Seoul 135–081 Korea; Department of Medicine (N.E.L.), University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95616; Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry (T.B.H.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Research Institute (S.R.C.), California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94120.
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