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The bibliographic list below is the third installment of the Genetically Modified Animals in Endocrinology database that is being compiled by Endocrine Reviews as a service to the research community. The first two installments concerned knockouts of nuclear hormone receptors (Endocr Rev 22:719–720, 2001) and genetically modified animals associated with the G proteins (Endocr Rev 23:276–278, 2002). The present bibliography covers G protein-associated receptor knockouts. References to papers that seem relevant, though not in mice, have been included. All sections will eventually be made available on a searchable Web site hosted by The Endocrine Society. Please send your comments, suggestions, and offerings of other relevant citations to this e-mail address: ERKO{at}endo-society.org
G Protein-Associated Receptors
I. REVIEWS
Lichtarge O, Sowa ME 2002 Evolutionary predictions of binding surfaces and interactions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 12:21–27[CrossRef][Medline]
Wilder PJ, Rizzino A 1993 Mouse genetics in the 21st century: using gene targeting to create a cornucopia of mouse mutants possessing precise genetic modifications. Cytotechnology 11:79–99[CrossRef][Medline]
Hopley R, Zimmer A 2001 MouseBank: a database application for managing transgenic mouse breeding programs. Biotechniques 30:130–132[Medline]
Gingrich JA, Hen R 2000 The broken mouse: the role of development, plasticity and environment in the interpretation of phenotypic changes in knockout mice. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10:146–152[CrossRef][Medline]
Scearce-Levie K, Chen JP, Gardner E, Hen R 1999 5-HT receptor knockout mice: pharmacological tools or models of psychiatric disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 868:701–715 (**see also Serotonin/5 HT)[CrossRef][Medline]
Nicol RL, Frey N, Olson EN 2000 From the sarcomere to the nucleus: role of genetics and signaling in structural heart disease. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 1:179–223[CrossRef][Medline]
Mizobe T 2000 [Adrenergic receptor and knockout mouse: 1) ß-Adrenergic receptor knockout mouse]. Masui 49:1349–1357 (**see also Adrenergic)[Medline]
Rockman HA 1997 Uncoupling of G-protein coupled receptors in vivo: insights from transgenic mice. Adv Exp Med Biol 430:67–72[Medline]
Nagatsu T 2000 Molecular mechanisms of neurotransmission. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 40:1185–1188[Medline]
Hartman DS, Lanau F 1997 Diversity of dopamine receptors: new molecular and pharmacological developments. Pol J Pharmacol 49:191–199[Medline]
Umemura S, Ebina T, Toya Y, Ishikawa Y, Yasuda G, 1997 Catecholamine and dopamine. Nippon Rinsho 55:1915–1922[Medline]
Chaudhari N, Roper SD 1998 Molecular and physiological evidence for glutamate (umami) taste transduction via a G protein-coupled receptor. Ann NY Acad Sci 855:398–406[CrossRef][Medline]
Rohrer DK, Kobilka BK 1998 G protein-coupled receptors: functional and mechanistic insights through altered gene expression. Physiol Rev 78:35–52
Felder CC, Porter AC, Skillman TL, Zhang L, Bymaster FP, Nathanson NM, Hamilton SE, Gomeza J, Wess J, McKinzie DL 2001 Elucidating the role of muscarinic receptors in psychosis. Life Sci 68:2605–2613[CrossRef][Medline]
Collins S, Cao W, Daniel KW, Dixon TM, Medvedev AV, Onuma H, Surwit R 2001 Adrenoceptors, uncoupling proteins, and energy expenditure. Exp Biol Med 226:982–990
Rohrer DK 1998 Physiological consequences of ß-adrenergic receptor disruption. J Mol Med 76:764–772[CrossRef][Medline]
Rockman HA, Koch WJ, Milano CA, Lefkowitz RJ 1996 Myocardial ß-adrenergic receptor signaling in vivo: insights from transgenic mice. J Mol Med 74:489–495[CrossRef][Medline]
Comings DE 2001 Clinical and molecular genetics of ADHD and Tourette syndrome. Two related polygenic disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 931:50–83[Medline]
II. ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
Zhu WZ, Zheng M, Koch WJ, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK, Xiao RP 2001 Dual modulation of cell survival and cell death by ß(2)-adrenergic signaling in adult mouse cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:1607–1612
Chruscinski A, Brede ME, Meinel L, Lohse MJ, Kobilka BK, Hein L 2001 Differential distribution of ß-adrenergic receptor subtypes in blood vessels of knockout mice lacking ß(1)- or ß(2)-adrenergic receptors. Mol Pharmacol 60:955–962
Devic E, Xiang Y, Gould D, Kobilka B 2001 ß-Adrenergic receptor subtype-specific signaling in cardiac myocytes from ß(1) and ß(2) adrenoceptor knockout mice. Mol Pharmacol 60:577–583
Mizobe T 2000 [Adrenergic receptor and knockout mouse: 1) ß adrenergic receptor knockout mouse]. Masui 49:1349–1357 (**see also Reviews)
Zheng M, Zhang SJ, Zhu WZ, Ziman B, Kobilka BK, Xiao RP 2000 ß2-Adrenergic receptor-induced p38 MAPK activation is mediated by protein kinase A rather than by Gi or gß
in adult mouse cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 275:40635–40640
Rohrer DK, Chruscinski A, Schauble EH, Bernstein D, Kobilka BK 1999 Cardiovascular and metabolic alterations in mice lacking both ß1- and ß2-adrenergic receptors. J Biol Chem 274:16701–16708
Chruscinski AJ, Rohrer DK, Schauble E, Desai KH, Bernstein D, Kobilka BK 1999 Targeted disruption of the ß2 adrenergic receptor gene. J Biol Chem 274:16694–16700
Preitner F, Muzzin P, Revelli JP, Seydoux J, Galitzky J, Berlan M, Lafontan M, Giacobino JP 1998 Metabolic response to various ß-adrenoceptor agonists in ß3-adrenoceptor knockout mice: evidence for a new ß-adrenergic receptor in brown adipose tissue. Br J Pharmacol 124:1684–1688[CrossRef][Medline]
Rohrer DK, Desai KH, Jasper JR, Stevens ME, Regula Jr DP, Barsh GS, Bernstein D, Kobilka BK 1996 Targeted disruption of the mouse beta1-adrenergic receptor gene: developmental and cardiovascular effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:7375–7380
Li XX, Bek M, Asico LD, Yang Z, Grandy DK, Goldstein DS, Rubinstein M, Eisner GM, Jose PA 2001 Adrenergic and endothelin B receptor-dependent hypertension in dopamine receptor type-2 knockout mice. Hypertension 38:303–308
Oostendorp J, Preitner F, Moffatt J, Jimenez M, Giacobino JP, Molenaar P, Kaumann AJ 2000 Contribution of ß-adrenoceptor subtypes to relaxation of colon and oesophagus and pacemaker activity of ureter in wildtype and ß(3)-adrenoceptor knockout mice. Br J Pharmacol 130:747–758[CrossRef][Medline]
Zhu WZ, Zheng M, Koch WJ, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK, Xiao RP 2001 Dual modulation of cell survival and cell death by ß(2)-adrenergic signaling in adult mouse cardiac myocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:1607–1612
III. RHODOPSIN
Sheikh SP, Zvyaga TA, Lichtarge O, Sakmar TP, Bourne HR 1996 Rhodopsin activation blocked by metal-ion-binding sites linking transmembrane helices C and F. Nature 83:347–350
Liang FQ, Dejneka NS, Cohen DR, Krasnoperova NV, Lem J, Maguire AM, Dudus L, Fisher KJ, Bennett J 2001 AAV-mediated delivery of ciliary neurotrophic factor prolongs photoreceptor survival in the rhodopsin knockout mouse. Mol Ther 3:241–248[CrossRef][Medline]
Frederick JM, Krasnoperova NV, Hoffmann K, Church-Kopish J, Ruther K, Howes K, Lem J, Baehr W 2001 Mutant rhodopsin transgene expression on a null background. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:826–833
Jaissle GB, May CA, Reinhard J, Kohler K, Fauser S, Lutjen-Drecoll E, Zrenner E, Seeliger MW 2001 Evaluation of the rhodopsin knockout mouse as a model of pure cone function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:506–513
Chang HY, Ready DF 2000 Rescue of photoreceptor degeneration in rhodopsin-null Drosophila mutants by activated Rac1. Science 290:1978–1980
Hobson AH, Donovan M, Humphries MM, Tuohy G, McNally N, Carmody R, Cotter T, Farrar GJ, Kenna PF, Humphries P 2000 Apoptotic photoreceptor death in the rhodopsin knockout mouse in the presence and absence of c-fos. Exp Eye Res 71:247–254[CrossRef][Medline]
Toda K, Bush RA, Humphries P, Sieving PA 1999 The electroretinogram of the rhodopsin knockout mouse. Vis Neurosci 16:391–398[CrossRef][Medline]
Lem J, Krasnoperova NV, Calvert PD, Kosaras B, Cameron DA, Nicolo M, Makino CL, Sidman RL 1999 Morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in rhodopsin knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:736–741
Sanchez B, Borreo S, Chaparro P, Rueda T, Lopez F, Antinolo G 1996 A novel null mutation in the rhodopsin gene causing late onset autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Mutat 7:180[CrossRef][Medline]
Kumar JP, Ready DF 1995 Rhodopsin plays an essential structural role in Drosophila photoreceptor development. Development 121:4359–4370[Abstract]
Rosenfeld PJ, Hahn LB, Sandberg MA, Dryja TP, Berson EL 1995 Low incidence of retinitis pigmentosa among heterozygous carriers of a specific rhodopsin splice site mutation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 36:2186–2192
Rosenfeld PJ, Cowley GS, McGee TL, Sandberg MA, Berson EL, Dryja TP 1992 A null mutation in the rhodopsin gene causes rod photoreceptor dysfunction and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet 1:209–213[CrossRef][Medline]
Hagstrom SA, Adamian M, Scimeca M, Pawlyk BS, Yue G, Li T 2001 A role for the Tubby-like protein 1 in rhodopsin transport. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:1955–1962
Swain PK, Hicks D, Mears AJ, Apel IJ, Smith JE, John SK, Hendrickson A, Milam AH, Swaroop A 2001 Multiple phosphorylated isoforms of NRL are expressed in rod photoreceptors. J Biol Chem 276:36824–36830
Grimm C, Wenzel A, Williams T, Rol P, Hafezi F, Reme C 2001 Rhodopsin-mediated blue-light damage to the rat retina: effect of photoreversal of bleaching. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:497–505
IV. ADENOSINE RECEPTOR
Armstrong JM, Chen JF, Schwarzschild MA, Apasov S, Smith PT, Caldwell C, Chen P, Figler H, Sullivan G, Fink S, Linden J, Sitkovsky M 2001 Gene dose effect reveals no Gs-coupled A2A adenosine receptor reserve in murine T-lymphocytes: studies of cells from A2A-receptor-gene- deficient mice. Biochem J 354(Pt 1):123–130
V. SEROTONIN/5 HT
Boutrel B, Monaca C, Hen R, Hamon M, Adrien J 2002 Involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in homeostatic and stress-induced adaptive regulations of paradoxical sleep: studies in 5-HT1A knock-out mice. J Neurosci 22:4686–4692
Fiorica-Howells E, Hen R, Gingrich J, Li Z, Gershon MD 2002 5-HT(2A) receptors: location and functional analysis in intestines of wild-type and 5-HT(2A) knockout mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282:G877–G893
Bouwknecht JA, Hijzen TH, van der Gugten J, Maes RA, Hen R, Olivier B 2002 5-HT(1B) receptor knockout mice show no adaptive changes in 5-HT(1A) receptor function as measured telemetrically on body temperature and heart rate responses. Brain Res Bull 57:93–102[CrossRef][Medline]
Richer M, Hen R, Blier P 2002 Modification of serotonin neuron properties in mice lacking 5-HT1A receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 435:195–203[CrossRef][Medline]
Bouwknecht JA, van der Gugten J, Hijzen TH, Maes RA, Hen R, Olivier B 2001 Male and female 5-HT(1B) receptor knockout mice have higher body weights than wildtypes. Physiol Behav 74:507–516[CrossRef][Medline]
Gardier AM, Gruwez B, Trillat AC, Jacquot C, Hen R, Bourin M 2001 Interaction between 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B) receptors: effects of 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia in 5-HT(1B) receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 421:171–175[CrossRef][Medline]
Ase AR, Reader TA, Hen R, Riad M, Descarries L 2001 Regional changes in density of serotonin transporter in the brain of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B knockout mice, and of serotonin innervation in the 5-HT1B knockout. J Neurochem 78:619–630[CrossRef][Medline]
Pattij T, Hijzen TH, Groenink L, Oosting RS, van der Gugten J, Maes RA, Hen R, Olivier B 2001 Stress-induced hyperthermia in the 5-HT(1A) receptor knockout mouse is normal. Biol Psychiatry 49:569–574[CrossRef][Medline]
Bouwknecht JA, Hijzen TH, van der Gugten J, Maes RA, Hen R, Olivier B 2001 Absence of 5-HT(1B) receptors is associated with impaired impulse control in male 5-HT(1B) knockout mice. Biol Psychiatry 49:557–568[CrossRef][Medline]
Salichon N, Gaspar P, Upton AL, Picaud S, Hanoun N, Hamon M, De Maeyer E, Murphy DL, Mossner R, Lesch KP, Hen R, Seif I 2001 Excessive activation of serotonin (5-HT) 1B receptors disrupts the formation of sensory maps in monoamine oxidase a and 5-ht transporter knockout mice. J Neurosci 21:884–896
Bouwknecht JA, Hijzen TH, van der Gugten J, Dirks A, Maes RA, Hen R, Geyer MA, Olivier B 2000 Startle responses, heart rate, and temperature in 5-HT1B receptor knockout mice. Neuroreport 11:4097–4102[Medline]
Zhuang X, Gross C, Santarelli L, Compan V, Trillat AC, Hen R 1999 Altered emotional states in knockout mice lacking 5-HT1A or 5-HT1B receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 21(Suppl 2):52S–60S
Scearce-Levie K, Chen JP, Gardner E, Hen R 1999 5-HT receptor knockout mice: pharmacological tools or models of psychiatric disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 868:701–715 (**see also Reviews)
Scearce-Levie K, Viswanathan SS, Hen R 1999 Locomotor response to MDMA is attenuated in knockout mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor. Psychopharmacology 141:154–161[CrossRef][Medline]
Trillat AC, Malagie I, Bourin M, Jacquot C, Hen R, Gardier AM 1998 Homozygote mice deficient in serotonin 5-HT1B receptor and antidepressant effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 192:1139–1147[Medline]
Trillat AC, Malagie I, Scearce K, Pons D, Anmella MC, Jacquot C, Hen R, Gardier AM 1997 Regulation of serotonin release in the frontal cortex and ventral hippocampus of homozygous mice lacking 5-HT1B receptors: in vivo microdialysis studies. J Neurochem 69:2019–2025[Medline]
VI. OTHER
Sowa ME, He W, Slep KC, Kercher MA, Lichtarge O, Wensel TG 2001 Prediction and confirmation of a site critical for effector regulation of RGS domain activity. Nat Struct Biol 8:234–237[CrossRef][Medline]
Ishii I, Friedman B, Ye X, Kawamura S, McGiffert C, Contos JJ, Kingsbury MA, Zhang G, Heller Brown J, Chun J 2001 Selective loss of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling with no obvious phenotypic abnormality in mice lacking its G protein-coupled receptor, LP(B3)/EDG-3. J Biol Chem 276:33697–33704
Le LQ, Kabarowski JH, Weng Z, Satterthwaite AB, Harvill ET, Jensen ER, Miller JF, Witte ON 2001 Mice lacking the orphan G protein-coupled receptor G2A develop a late-onset autoimmune syndrome. Immunity 14:561–571[CrossRef][Medline]
Mao L, Conquet F, Wang JQ 2001 Augmented motor activity and reduced striatal preprodynorphin mRNA induction in response to acute amphetamine administration in metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 knockout mice. Neuroscience 106:303–312[CrossRef][Medline]
Kitamura K, Shimoda C 1991 The Schizosaccharomyces pombe mam2 gene encodes a putative pheromone receptor which has a significant homology with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ste2 protein. EMBO J 10: 3743–3751
McCulloch DA, Lutz EM, Johnson MS, Robertson DN, MacKenzie CJ, Holland PJ, Mitchell R 2001 ADP-ribosylation factor-dependent phospholipase D activation by VPAC receptors and a PAC(1) receptor splice variant. Mol Pharmacol 59:1523–1532
Calvert PD, Govardovskii VI, Krasnoperova N, Anderson RE, Lem J, Makino CL 2001 Membrane protein diffusion sets the speed of rod phototransduction. Nature 411:90–94[CrossRef][Medline]
Leon C, Freund M, Ravanat C, Baurand A, Cazenave JP, Gachet C 2001 Key role of the P2Y(1) receptor in tissue factor-induced thrombin- dependent acute thromboembolism: studies in P2Y(1)-knockout mice and mice treated with a P2Y(1) antagonist. Circulation 103:718–723
Liu Y, Wada R, Yamashita T, Mi Y, Deng CX, Hobson JP, Rosenfeldt HM, Nava VE, Chae SS, Lee MJ, Liu CH, Hla T, Spiegel S, Proia RL 2000 Edg-1, the G protein-coupled receptor for sphingosine-1-phosphate, is essential for vascular maturation. J Clin Invest 106:951–961[Medline]
Park Y, Ma T, Tanaka S, Jang C, Loh HH, Ko KH, Ho IK 2000 Comparison of G-protein activation in the brain by µ-, 
-, and 
-opioid receptor agonists in µ-opioid receptor knockout mice. Brain Res Bull 52:297–302[CrossRef][Medline]
Bohn LM, Lefkowitz RJ, Gainetdinov RR, Peppel K, Caron MG, Lin FT 1999 Enhanced morphine analgesia in mice lacking ß-arrestin 2. Science 286:2495–2498
Thomas DW, Mannon RB, Mannon PJ, Latour A, Oliver JA, Hoffman M, Smithies O, Koller BH, Coffman TM 1998 Coagulation defects and altered hemodynamic responses in mice lacking receptors for thromboxane A2. J Clin Invest 102:1994–2001[Medline]
Hamilton SE, Loose MD, Qi M, Levey AI, Hille B, McKnight GS, Idzerda RL, Nathanson NM 1997 Disruption of the m1 receptor gene ablates muscarinic receptor-dependent M current regulation and seizure activity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:13311–13316
Nagata A, Ito M, Iwata N, Kuno J, Takano H, Minowa O, Chihara K, Matsui T, Noda T 1996 G protein-coupled cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptors are responsible for physiological cell growth of the stomach mucosa in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11825–11830
Hein L, Barsh GS, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ, Kobilka BK 1995 Behavioural and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type-2 receptor in mice. Nature 377:744–747[CrossRef][Medline]
Ruiz-Avila L, Wong GT, Damak S, Margolskee RF 2001 Dominant loss of responsiveness to sweet and bitter compounds caused by a single mutation in 
-gustducin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:8868–8873
Girkontaite I, Missy K, Sakk V, Harenberg A, Tedford K, Potzel T, Pfeffer K, Fischer KD 2001 Lsc is required for marginal zone B cells, regulation of lymphocyte motility and immune responses. Nat Immunol 2:855–862[CrossRef][Medline]
Nieswandt B, Bergmeier W, Eckly A, Schulte V, Ohlmann P, Cazenave JP, Zirngibl H, Offermanns S, Gachet C 2001 Evidence for cross-talk between glycoprotein VI and Gi-coupled receptors during collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Blood 97:3829–3835
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