Interaction of Nuclear Receptors with the Wnt/ß-Catenin/Tcf Signaling Axis: Wnt You Like to Know?
David J. Mulholland,
Shoukat Dedhar,
Gerhard A. Coetzee and
Colleen C. Nelson
Molecular and Medical Pharmacology (D.J.M.), University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095; The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital (D.J.M., S.D., C.C.N.), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3Z6; and University of Southern California/Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine (G.A.C.), Los Angeles, California 90033
Correspondence: Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: David J. Mulholland, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Center for Health Sciences 23-234, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095. E-mail: dmulholland{at}mednet.ucla.edu
The cross-regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin/Tcf ligands,kinases, and transcription factors with members of the nuclearreceptor (NR) family has emerged as a clinically and developmentallyimportant area of endocrine cell biology. Interactions betweenthese signaling pathways result in a diverse array of cellulareffects including altered cellular adhesion, tissue morphogenesis,and oncogenesis. Analyses of NR interactions with canonicalWnt signaling reveal two broad themes: Wnt/ß-cateninmodulation of NRs (theme I), and ligand-dependent NR inhibitionof the Wnt/ß-catenin/Tcf cascade (theme II). ß-Catenin,a promiscuous Wnt signaling member, has been studied intensivelyin relation to the androgen receptor (AR). ß-Cateninacts as a coactivator of AR transcription and is also involvedin cotrafficking, increasing cell proliferation, and prostatepathogenesis. T cell factor, a transcriptional mediator of ß-cateninand AR, engages in a dynamic reciprocity of nuclear ß-catenin,p300/CREB binding protein, and transcriptional initiation factor2/GC receptor-interaction protein, thereby facilitating hormone-dependentcoactivation and transrepression. ß-Catenin respondsin an equally dynamic manner with other NRs, including the retinoicacid (RA) receptor (RAR), vitamin D receptor (VDR), glucocorticoidreceptor (GR), progesterone receptor, thyroid receptor (TR),estrogen receptor (ER), and peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptor (PPAR). The NR ligands, vitamin D3, trans/cis RA, glucocorticoids,and thiazolidines, induce dramatic changes in the physiologyof cells harboring high Wnt/ß-catenin/Tcf activity.Wnt signaling regulates, directly or indirectly, developmentalprocesses such as ductal branching and adipogenesis, two processesdependent on NR function. ß-Catenin has been intensivelystudied in colorectal cancer; however, it is now evident thatß-catenin may be important in cancers of the breast,prostate, and thyroid. This review will focus on the cross-regulationof AR and Wnt/ß-catenin/Tcf but will also considerthe dynamic manner in which RAR/RXR, GR, TR, VDR, ER, and PPARmodulate canonical Wnt signaling. Although many commonalitiesexist by which NRs interact with the Wnt/ß-cateninsignaling pathway, striking cell line and tissue-specific differencesrequire deciphering and application to endocrine pathology.
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