B. C. J. van der Eerden,
M. Karperien and
J. M. Wit
Departments of Pediatrics (B.C.J.v.d.E., M.K., J.M.W.) and Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (M.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
Correspondence: Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Prof. Dr. J. M. Wit, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, J6-S, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: J.M.Wit{at}lumc.nl
The growth plate is the final target organ for longitudinalgrowth and results from chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.During the first year of life, longitudinal growth rates arehigh, followed by a decade of modest longitudinal growth. Theage at onset of puberty and the growth rate during the pubertalgrowth spurt (which occurs under the influence of estrogensand GH) contribute to sex difference in final height betweenboys and girls. At the end of puberty, growth plates fuse, therebyceasing longitudinal growth. It has been recognized that receptorsfor many hormones such as estrogen, GH, and glucocorticoidsare present in or on growth plate chondrocytes, suggesting thatthese hormones may influence processes in the growth plate directly.Moreover, many growth factors, i.e., IGF-I, Indian hedgehog,PTHrP, fibroblast growth factors, bone morphogenetic proteins,and vascular endothelial growth factor, are now considered ascrucial regulators of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.In this review, we present an update on the present perceptionof growth plate function and the regulation of chondrocyte proliferationand differentiation by systemic and local regulators of whichmost are now related to human growth disorders.
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