Insights into G Protein Structure, Function, and Regulation
Theresa M. Cabrera-Vera,
Jurgen Vanhauwe,
Tarita O. Thomas,
Martina Medkova,
Anita Preininger,
Maria R. Mazzoni and
Heidi E. Hamm
Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry (T.M.C.-V., J.V., T.O.T., M.M., A.P., H.E.M.), Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Department of Molecular Pharmacology (M.R.M., H.E.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology (M.R.M.), University of Pisa, Pisa, 56057, Italy
Correspondence: Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Heidi E. Hamm, Ph.D., Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 442 Robinson Research Building, 23rd and Pierce Drive, Nashville, Tennessee 37232. E-mail: heidi.hamm{at}mcmail.vanderbilt.edu
In multicellular organisms from Caenorhabditis elegans to Homosapiens, the maintenance of homeostasis is dependent on thecontinual flow and processing of information through a complexnetwork of cells. Moreover, in order for the organism to respondto an ever-changing environment, intercellular signals mustbe transduced, amplified, and ultimately converted to the appropriatephysiological response. The resolution of the molecular eventsunderlying signal response and integration forms the basis ofthe signal transduction field of research. An evolutionarilyhighly conserved group of molecules known as heterotrimericguanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are key determinantsof the specificity and temporal characteristics of many signalingprocesses and are the topic of this review. Numerous hormones,neurotransmitters, chemokines, local mediators, and sensorystimuli exert their effects on cells by binding to heptahelicalmembrane receptors coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins. Thesehighly specialized transducers can modulate the activity ofmultiple signaling pathways leading to diverse biological responses.In vivo, specific combinations of G- and Gß-subunitsare likely required for connecting individual receptors to signalingpathways. The structural determinants of receptor-G protein-effectorspecificity are not completely understood and, in addition toinvolving interaction domains of these primary acting proteins,also require the participation of scaffolding and regulatoryproteins.
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L. Bogdanik, R. Mohrmann, A. Ramaekers, J. Bockaert, Y. Grau, K. Broadie, and M.-L. Parmentier The Drosophila Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor DmGluRA Regulates Activity-Dependent Synaptic Facilitation and Fine Synaptic Morphology
J. Neurosci.,
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9105 - 9116.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. B. Jones, D. P. Siderovski, and S. B. Hooks The G{beta}{gamma} DIMER as a NOVEL SOURCE of SELECTIVITY in G-Protein Signaling: GGL-ing AT CONVENTION
Mol. Interv.,
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200 - 214.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
N. A. Eckardt Abscisic Acid Signal Transduction: Function of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 1 in Arabidopsis
PLANT CELL,
June 1, 2004;
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1353 - 1354.
[Full Text][PDF]
- and Gß
-subunits are likely required for connecting individual receptors to signaling pathways. The structural determinants of receptor-G protein-effector specificity are not completely understood and, in addition to involving interaction domains of these primary acting proteins, also require the participation of scaffolding and regulatory proteins. 
