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Endocrine Reviews 23 (1): 90-119
Copyright © 2002 by The Endocrine Society

Changes in Proinflammatory Cytokine Activity after Menopause

Johannes Pfeilschifter, Roland Köditz, Martin Pfohl and Helmut Schatz

Department of Internal Medicine, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil, University of Bochum, D-44789 Bochum, Germany

Correspondence: Address all correspondence and requests for reprints to: Johannes Pfeilschifter, M.D., Berufsgenossenschaftliche Kliniken Bergmannsheil, University of Bochum, Department of Internal Medicine, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, D-44789 Bochum, Germany. E-mail: Johannes.Pfeilschifter{at}ruhr-uni-bochum.de

There is now a large body of evidence suggesting that the decline in ovarian function with menopause is associated with spontaneous increases in proinflammatory cytokines. The cytokines that have obtained the most attention are IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-{alpha}. The exact mechanisms by which estrogen interferes with cytokine activity are still incompletely known but may potentially include interactions of the ER with other transcription factors, modulation of nitric oxide activity, antioxidative effects, plasma membrane actions, and changes in immune cell function. Experimental and clinical studies strongly support a link between the increased state of proinflammatory cytokine activity and postmenopausal bone loss. Preliminary evidence suggests that these changes also might be relevant to vascular homeostasis and the development of atherosclerosis. Better knowledge of the mechanisms and the time course of these interactions may open new avenues for the prevention and treatment of some of the most prevalent and important disorders in postmenopausal women.




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