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Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue: Their Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome

Endocrine Service, Hospital das Clinicas of The University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Methods for assessment, e.g., anthropometric indicators and imaging techniques, of several phenotypes of human obesity, with special reference to abdominal fat content, have been evaluated. The correlation of fat distribution with age, gender, total body fat, energy balance, adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and lipolytic activity, adipose tissue receptors, and genetic characteristics are discussed. Several secreted or expressed factors in the adipocyte are evaluated in the context of fat tissue localization. The body fat distribution and the metabolic profile in nonobese and obese individuals is discussed relative to lipolysis, antilypolysis and lipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Finally, the endocrine regulation of abdominal visceral fat in comparison with the adipose tissue localized in other areas is presented.

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				A. M. Sharma and B. Staels Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} and Adipose Tissue--Understanding Obesity-Related Changes in Regulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 386 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Mukherjee, Y. Sidis, A. Mahan, M. J. Raher, Y. Xia, E. D. Rosen, K. D. Bloch, M. K. Thomas, and A. L. Schneyer FSTL3 deletion reveals roles for TGF-beta family ligands in glucose and fat homeostasis in adults PNAS, January 23, 2007; 104(4): 1348 - 1353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Hayashi, E. J. Boyko, M. J. McNeely, D. L. Leonetti, S. E. Kahn, and W. Y. Fujimoto Minimum Waist and Visceral Fat Values for Identifying Japanese Americans at Risk for the Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes Care, January 1, 2007; 30(1): 120 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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				L. Asarian and N. Geary Modulation of appetite by gonadal steroid hormones Phil Trans R Soc B, July 29, 2006; 361(1471): 1251 - 1263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Bottcher, D. Teupser, B. Enigk, J. Berndt, N. Kloting, M. R. Schon, J. Thiery, M. Bluher, M. Stumvoll, and P. Kovacs Genetic Variation in the Visfatin Gene (PBEF1) and Its Relation to Glucose Metabolism and Fat-Depot-Specific Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2725 - 2731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]