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Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue: Their Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome

Endocrine Service, Hospital das Clinicas of The University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Methods for assessment, e.g., anthropometric indicators and imaging techniques, of several phenotypes of human obesity, with special reference to abdominal fat content, have been evaluated. The correlation of fat distribution with age, gender, total body fat, energy balance, adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and lipolytic activity, adipose tissue receptors, and genetic characteristics are discussed. Several secreted or expressed factors in the adipocyte are evaluated in the context of fat tissue localization. The body fat distribution and the metabolic profile in nonobese and obese individuals is discussed relative to lipolysis, antilypolysis and lipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Finally, the endocrine regulation of abdominal visceral fat in comparison with the adipose tissue localized in other areas is presented.

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				B. K. Tan, J. Chen, J. E. Digby, S. D. Keay, C. R. Kennedy, and H. S. Randeva Increased Visfatin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Levels in Adipose Tissue and Adipocytes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Parallel Increase in Plasma Visfatin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2006; 91(12): 5022 - 5028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C. Woods, S. C. Benoit, and D. J. Clegg The Brain-Gut-Islet Connection Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(Supplement_2): S114 - S121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Turgeon, M. C. Carr, P. M. Maki, M. E. Mendelsohn, and P. M. Wise Complex Actions of Sex Steroids in Adipose Tissue, the Cardiovascular System, and Brain: Insights from Basic Science and Clinical Studies Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2006; 27(6): 575 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Laplante, W. T. Festuccia, G. Soucy, Y. Gelinas, J. Lalonde, J. P. Berger, and Y. Deshaies Mechanisms of the Depot Specificity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Action on Adipose Tissue Metabolism. Diabetes, October 1, 2006; 55(10): 2771 - 2778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. G. Mashek, L. O. Li, and R. A. Coleman Rat long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase mRNA, protein, and activity vary in tissue distribution and in response to diet J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2006; 47(9): 2004 - 2010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. S Mantzoros, C. J Williams, J. E Manson, J. B Meigs, and F. B Hu Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is positively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetic women. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2006; 84(2): 328 - 335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Lamounier-Zepter, M. Ehrhart-Bornstein, P. Karczewski, H. Haase, S. R. Bornstein, and I. Morano Human adipocytes attenuate cardiomyocyte contraction: characterization of an adipocyte-derived negative inotropic activity FASEB J, August 1, 2006; 20(10): 1653 - 1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Pagano, C. Pilon, M. Olivieri, P. Mason, R. Fabris, R. Serra, G. Milan, M. Rossato, G. Federspil, and R. Vettor Reduced Plasma Visfatin/Pre-B Cell Colony-Enhancing Factor in Obesity Is Not Related to Insulin Resistance in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2006; 91(8): 3165 - 3170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Gardan, F. Gondret, and I. Louveau Lipid metabolism and secretory function of porcine intramuscular adipocytes compared with subcutaneous and perirenal adipocytes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2006; 291(2): E372 - E380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C Woods, T. A Lutz, N. Geary, and W. Langhans Pancreatic signals controlling food intake; insulin, glucagon and amylin Phil Trans R Soc B, July 29, 2006; 361(1471): 1219 - 1235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Asarian and N. Geary Modulation of appetite by gonadal steroid hormones Phil Trans R Soc B, July 29, 2006; 361(1471): 1251 - 1263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Bottcher, D. Teupser, B. Enigk, J. Berndt, N. Kloting, M. R. Schon, J. Thiery, M. Bluher, M. Stumvoll, and P. Kovacs Genetic Variation in the Visfatin Gene (PBEF1) and Its Relation to Glucose Metabolism and Fat-Depot-Specific Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2725 - 2731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Punthakee, E. E. Delvin, J. O'Loughlin, G. Paradis, E. Levy, R. W. Platt, and M. Lambert Adiponectin, Adiposity, and Insulin Resistance in Children and Adolescents J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2119 - 2125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Ibanez, K. Ong, D. B. Dunger, and F. de Zegher Early Development of Adiposity and Insulin Resistance after Catch-Up Weight Gain in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2153 - 2158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Fatholahi, Y. Xiang, Y. Wu, Y. Li, L. Wu, A. K. Dhalla, L. Belardinelli, and J. C. Shryock A Novel Partial Agonist of the A1 -Adenosine Receptor and Evidence of Receptor Homogeneity in Adipocytes J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2006; 317(2): 676 - 684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Xita and A. Tsatsoulis Fetal Programming of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Androgen Excess: Evidence from Experimental, Clinical, and Genetic Association Studies J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2006; 91(5): 1660 - 1666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]