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Endocrine Reviews 21 (6): 697-738
Copyright © 2000 by The Endocrine Society

Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue: Their Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome

Bernardo Léo Wajchenberg

Endocrine Service, Hospital das Clinicas of The University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Methods for assessment, e.g., anthropometric indicators and imaging techniques, of several phenotypes of human obesity, with special reference to abdominal fat content, have been evaluated. The correlation of fat distribution with age, gender, total body fat, energy balance, adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and lipolytic activity, adipose tissue receptors, and genetic characteristics are discussed. Several secreted or expressed factors in the adipocyte are evaluated in the context of fat tissue localization. The body fat distribution and the metabolic profile in nonobese and obese individuals is discussed relative to lipolysis, antilypolysis and lipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Finally, the endocrine regulation of abdominal visceral fat in comparison with the adipose tissue localized in other areas is presented.




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PediatricsHome page
A. Malamitsi-Puchner, D. D. Briana, M. Boutsikou, E. Kouskouni, D. Hassiakos, and D. Gourgiotis
Perinatal Circulating Visfatin Levels in Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Pediatrics, June 1, 2007; 119(6): e1314 - e1318.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JDRHome page
N. Pischon, N. Heng, J.-P. Bernimoulin, B.-M. Kleber, S.N. Willich, and T. Pischon
Obesity, Inflammation, and Periodontal Disease
Journal of Dental Research, May 1, 2007; 86(5): 400 - 409.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
J. Tirard, J. Gout, A. M. Lefrancois-Martinez, A. Martinez, M. Begeot, and D. Naville
A Novel Inhibitory Protein in Adipose Tissue, the Aldo-Keto Reductase AKR1B7: Its Role in Adipogenesis
Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 1996 - 2005.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J EndocrinolHome page
H. Shimizu, K. Inoue, and M. Mori
The leptin-dependent and -independent melanocortin signaling system: regulation of feeding and energy expenditure
J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2007; 193(1): 1 - 9.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Endocr. Rev.Home page
B. L. Wajchenberg
{beta}-Cell Failure in Diabetes and Preservation by Clinical Treatment
Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2007; 28(2): 187 - 218.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Diabetes and Vascular Disease ResearchHome page
C. Day
Metabolic syndrome, or What you will: definitions and epidemiology
Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, March 1, 2007; 4(1): 32 - 38.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. Musatov, W. Chen, D. W. Pfaff, C. V. Mobbs, X.-J. Yang, D. J. Clegg, M. G. Kaplitt, and S. Ogawa
Silencing of estrogen receptor {alpha} in the ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus leads to metabolic syndrome
PNAS, February 13, 2007; 104(7): 2501 - 2506.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
E. W Demerath, W. Shen, M. Lee, A. C Choh, S. A Czerwinski, R. M Siervogel, and B. Towne
Approximation of total visceral adipose tissue with a single magnetic resonance image
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2007; 85(2): 362 - 368.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
V. Varma, A. Yao-Borengasser, N. Rasouli, A. M. Bodles, B. Phanavanh, M.-J. Lee, T. Starks, L. M. Kern, H. J. Spencer III, R. E. McGehee Jr., et al.
Human Visfatin Expression: Relationship to Insulin Sensitivity, Intramyocellular Lipids, and Inflammation
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 666 - 672.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. J. Schneider, H. Glaesmer, J. Klotsche, S. Bohler, H. Lehnert, A. M. Zeiher, W. Marz, D. Pittrow, G. K. Stalla, H.-U. Wittchen, et al.
Accuracy of Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity to Predict Cardiovascular Risk
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 589 - 594.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. M. Sharma and B. Staels
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} and Adipose Tissue--Understanding Obesity-Related Changes in Regulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2007; 92(2): 386 - 395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
A. Mukherjee, Y. Sidis, A. Mahan, M. J. Raher, Y. Xia, E. D. Rosen, K. D. Bloch, M. K. Thomas, and A. L. Schneyer
FSTL3 deletion reveals roles for TGF-beta family ligands in glucose and fat homeostasis in adults
PNAS, January 23, 2007; 104(4): 1348 - 1353.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Diabetes CareHome page
T. Hayashi, E. J. Boyko, M. J. McNeely, D. L. Leonetti, S. E. Kahn, and W. Y. Fujimoto
Minimum Waist and Visceral Fat Values for Identifying Japanese Americans at Risk for the Metabolic Syndrome
Diabetes Care, January 1, 2007; 30(1): 120 - 127.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
M. Nilsson, T. M. Stulnig, C.-Y. Lin, A. L. Yeo, P. Nowotny, E. T. Liu, and K. R. Steffensen
Liver X Receptors Regulate Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Feedback
Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2007; 21(1): 126 - 137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
B. K. Tan, J. Chen, J. E. Digby, S. D. Keay, C. R. Kennedy, and H. S. Randeva
Increased Visfatin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Levels in Adipose Tissue and Adipocytes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Parallel Increase in Plasma Visfatin
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2006; 91(12): 5022 - 5028.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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DiabetesHome page
S. C. Woods, S. C. Benoit, and D. J. Clegg
The Brain-Gut-Islet Connection
Diabetes, December 1, 2006; 55(Supplement_2): S114 - S121.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Endocr. Rev.Home page
J. L. Turgeon, M. C. Carr, P. M. Maki, M. E. Mendelsohn, and P. M. Wise
Complex Actions of Sex Steroids in Adipose Tissue, the Cardiovascular System, and Brain: Insights from Basic Science and Clinical Studies
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2006; 27(6): 575 - 605.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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DiabetesHome page
M. Laplante, W. T. Festuccia, G. Soucy, Y. Gelinas, J. Lalonde, J. P. Berger, and Y. Deshaies
Mechanisms of the Depot Specificity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Action on Adipose Tissue Metabolism.
Diabetes, October 1, 2006; 55(10): 2771 - 2778.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Lipid Res.Home page
D. G. Mashek, L. O. Li, and R. A. Coleman
Rat long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase mRNA, protein, and activity vary in tissue distribution and in response to diet
J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2006; 47(9): 2004 - 2010.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
C. S Mantzoros, C. J Williams, J. E Manson, J. B Meigs, and F. B Hu
Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is positively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetic women.
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2006; 84(2): 328 - 335.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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FASEB J.Home page
V. Lamounier-Zepter, M. Ehrhart-Bornstein, P. Karczewski, H. Haase, S. R. Bornstein, and I. Morano
Human adipocytes attenuate cardiomyocyte contraction: characterization of an adipocyte-derived negative inotropic activity
FASEB J, August 1, 2006; 20(10): 1653 - 1659.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. Pagano, C. Pilon, M. Olivieri, P. Mason, R. Fabris, R. Serra, G. Milan, M. Rossato, G. Federspil, and R. Vettor
Reduced Plasma Visfatin/Pre-B Cell Colony-Enhancing Factor in Obesity Is Not Related to Insulin Resistance in Humans
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2006; 91(8): 3165 - 3170.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. Gardan, F. Gondret, and I. Louveau
Lipid metabolism and secretory function of porcine intramuscular adipocytes compared with subcutaneous and perirenal adipocytes
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2006; 291(2): E372 - E380.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Phil Trans R Soc BHome page
S. C Woods, T. A Lutz, N. Geary, and W. Langhans
Pancreatic signals controlling food intake; insulin, glucagon and amylin
Phil Trans R Soc B, July 29, 2006; 361(1471): 1219 - 1235.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Phil Trans R Soc BHome page
L. Asarian and N. Geary
Modulation of appetite by gonadal steroid hormones
Phil Trans R Soc B, July 29, 2006; 361(1471): 1251 - 1263.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
Y. Bottcher, D. Teupser, B. Enigk, J. Berndt, N. Kloting, M. R. Schon, J. Thiery, M. Bluher, M. Stumvoll, and P. Kovacs
Genetic Variation in the Visfatin Gene (PBEF1) and Its Relation to Glucose Metabolism and Fat-Depot-Specific Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in Humans
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2725 - 2731.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
Z. Punthakee, E. E. Delvin, J. O'Loughlin, G. Paradis, E. Levy, R. W. Platt, and M. Lambert
Adiponectin, Adiposity, and Insulin Resistance in Children and Adolescents
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2119 - 2125.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Ibanez, K. Ong, D. B. Dunger, and F. de Zegher
Early Development of Adiposity and Insulin Resistance after Catch-Up Weight Gain in Small-for-Gestational-Age Children
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2006; 91(6): 2153 - 2158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
M. Fatholahi, Y. Xiang, Y. Wu, Y. Li, L. Wu, A. K. Dhalla, L. Belardinelli, and J. C. Shryock
A Novel Partial Agonist of the A1 -Adenosine Receptor and Evidence of Receptor Homogeneity in Adipocytes
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2006; 317(2): 676 - 684.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
N. Xita and A. Tsatsoulis
Fetal Programming of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Androgen Excess: Evidence from Experimental, Clinical, and Genetic Association Studies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2006; 91(5): 1660 - 1666.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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