The Origin and Function of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP)/Glucagon Superfamily1
Nancy M. Sherwood,
Sandra L. Krueckl and
John E. McRory2
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British
Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)/glucagon
superfamilyincludes nine hormones in humans that are related by
structure,distribution (especially the brain and gut), function (often
byactivation of cAMP), and receptors (a subset of seven-transmembrane
receptors).The nine hormones include glucagon, glucagon-like
peptide-1(GLP-1), GLP-2, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
(GIP),GH-releasing hormone (GRF), peptide histidine-methionine (PHM),
PACAP,secretin, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The
originof the ancestral superfamily members is at least as old as the
invertebrates;the most ancient and tightly conserved members are PACAP
andglucagon. Evidence to date suggests the superfamily began witha
gene or exon duplication and then continued to diverge withsome gene
duplications in vertebrates. The function of PACAPis considered in
detail because it is newly (1989) discovered;it is tightly conserved
(96% over 700 million years); and itis probably the ancestral
molecule. The diverse functions ofPACAP include regulation of
proliferation, differentiation,and apoptosis in some cell populations.
In addition, PACAP regulatesmetabolism and the cardiovascular,
endocrine, and immune systems,although the physiological event(s) that
coordinates PACAP responsesremains to be identified.
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June 1, 2002;
23(3):
369 - 381.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. Mazzocchi, L. K. Malendowicz, P. Rebuffat, L. Gottardo, and G. G. Nussdorfer Expression and Function of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, and Their Receptors in the Human Adrenal Gland
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
June 1, 2002;
87(6):
2575 - 2580.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
D. Ganea and M. Delgado VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE (VIP) AND PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE-ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE (PACAP) AS MODULATORS OF BOTH INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine,
May 1, 2002;
13(3):
229 - 237.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. R. John, M. Arai, D. A. Rubin, K. B. Jonsson, and H. Juppner Identification and Characterization of the Murine and Human Gene Encoding the Tuberoinfundibular Peptide of 39 Residues
Endocrinology,
March 1, 2002;
143(3):
1047 - 1057.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. L. Gray, K. J. Cummings, F. R. Jirik, and N. M. Sherwood Targeted Disruption of the Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Gene Results in Early Postnatal Death Associated with Dysfunction of Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Mol. Endocrinol.,
October 1, 2001;
15(10):
1739 - 1747.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
K. Filipsson, M. Kvist-Reimer, and B. Ahren The Neuropeptide Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Islet Function
Diabetes,
September 1, 2001;
50(9):
1959 - 1969.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
N. M. Erhardt, E. A. Fradinger, L. A. Cervini, J. E. Rivier, and N. M. Sherwood Early Expression of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Activation of its Receptor in Chick Neuroblasts
Endocrinology,
April 1, 2001;
142(4):
1616 - 1625.
[Abstract][Full Text]
J. Lovshin, J. Estall, B. Yusta, T. J. Brown, and D. J. Drucker Glucagon-like Peptide (GLP)-2 Action in the Murine Central Nervous System Is Enhanced by Elimination of GLP-1 Receptor Signaling
J. Biol. Chem.,
June 8, 2001;
276(24):
21489 - 21499.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
