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Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Medicine (R.A.), The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, and Department of Endocrinology, University of Palermo at Caltanissetta, 90139 Italy (E.C.); and Alopecia Research & Associated Technologies (ARATEC), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami School of Medicine (M.E.S.), Miami, Florida 34478
Hirsutism, the presence of terminal (coarse) hairs in females in a
male-like pattern, affects between 5% and 10% of women. Of the sex
steroids, androgens are the most important in determining the type and
distribution of hairs over the human body. Under the influence of
androgens hair follicles that are producing vellus-type hairs can be
stimulated to begin producing terminal hairs (i.e.,
terminalized). The activity of local 5
-reductase (5-RA)
determines to a great extent the production of dihydrotestosterone
(DHT), and consequently the effect of androgens on hair follicles.
While there are two distinct 5-RA isoenzymes, type 1 and type 2, the
activity of these in the facial or abdominal skin of hirsute women
remains to be determined. Although the definition of idiopathic
hirsutism (IH) has been an evolving process, the diagnosis of IH should
be applied only to hirsute patients with normal ovulatory function and
circulating androgen levels. A history of regular menses is not
sufficient to exclude ovulatory dysfunction, since up to 40% of
eumenorrheic hirsute women are anovulatory. The diagnosis of IH, when
strictly defined, will include less than 20% of all hirsute women. The
pathophysiology of IH is presumed to be a primary increase in skin
5-RA activity, probably of both isoenzyme types, and possibly an
alteration in androgen receptor function. Therapeutically, these
patients respond to antiandrogen or 5-RA inhibitor therapy.
Pharmacological suppression of ovarian or adrenal androgen secretion
may be of additional, albeit limited, benefit. New therapeutic
strategies such as laser epilation or the use of new biological
response modifiers may play an important role in offering a more
effective means of treatment to remove unwanted hair. Further
investigations into the genetic, molecular, and metabolic aspects of
this disorder, including only well defined patients, are needed.
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