The Roles of Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Thyroid Hormones in Lymphocyte Development and Function: Insights from Genetic Models of Hormone and Hormone Receptor Deficiency1
Kenneth Dorshkind and
Nelson D. Horseman
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and The
Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (K.D.), University of California at
Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1732; and
Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Shriners Burns
Institute (N.D.H.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0576
An extensive literature suggesting that PRL, GH, IGF-I, andthyroid
hormones play an important role in immunity has evolved.Because the
use of one or more of these hormones as immunostimulantsin humans is
being considered, it is of critical importanceto resolve their precise
role in immunity. This review addressesnew experimental evidence from
analysis of lymphocyte developmentand function in mice with genetic
defects in expression of thesehormones or their receptors that calls
into question the presumedrole played by some of these hormones and
reveals unexpectedeffects of others. These recent findings from the
mutant mousemodels are integrated and placed in context of the wider
literatureon endocrine-immune system interactions. The hypothesis that
willbe developed is that, with the exception of a role for thyroid
hormonesin B cell development, PRL, GH, and IGF-I are not obligate
immunoregulators.Instead, they apparently act as anabolic and
stress-modulatinghormones in most cells, including those of the immune
system.
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