help button home button Endocrine Society Endocrine Reviews
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Sapolsky, R. M.
Right arrow Articles by Munck, A. U.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Sapolsky, R. M.
Right arrow Articles by Munck, A. U.
Endocrine Reviews 21 (1): 55-89
Copyright © 2000 by The Endocrine Society

How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions1

Robert M. Sapolsky, L. Michael Romero and Allan U. Munck1

Department of Biological Sciences (R.M.S.), Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305; Department of Biology (L.M.R.), Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155; and Department of Physiology (A.U.M.), Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03756

The secretion of glucocorticoids (GCs) is a classic endocrine response to stress. Despite that, it remains controversial as to what purpose GCs serve at such times. One view, stretching back to the time of Hans Selye, posits that GCs help mediate the ongoing or pending stress response, either via basal levels of GCs permitting other facets of the stress response to emerge efficaciously, and/or by stress levels of GCs actively stimulating the stress response. In contrast, a revisionist viewpoint posits that GCs suppress the stress response, preventing it from being pathologically overactivated. In this review, we consider recent findings regarding GC action and, based on them, generate criteria for determining whether a particular GC action permits, stimulates, or suppresses an ongoing stress-response or, as an additional category, is preparative for a subsequent stressor. We apply these GC actions to the realms of cardiovascular function, fluid volume and hemorrhage, immunity and inflammation, metabolism, neurobiology, and reproductive physiology. We find that GC actions fall into markedly different categories, depending on the physiological endpoint in question, with evidence for mediating effects in some cases, and suppressive or preparative in others. We then attempt to assimilate these heterogeneous GC actions into a physiological whole.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
E. R. de Kloet and R. A. Sarabdjitsingh
Everything Has Rhythm: Focus on Glucocorticoid Pulsatility
Endocrinology, July 1, 2008; 149(7): 3241 - 3243.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
Y. Liu, A. Kamitakahara, A. J. Kim, and G. Aguilera
Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Responsive Element Binding Protein Phosphorylation Is Required But Not Sufficient for Activation of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Transcription
Endocrinology, July 1, 2008; 149(7): 3512 - 3520.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
K. L. Schmidt and K. K. Soma
Cortisol and corticosterone in the songbird immune and nervous systems: local vs. systemic levels during development
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2008; 295(1): R103 - R110.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Toxicol SciHome page
B. W. Cooper, T. M. Cho, P. M. Thompson, and A. D. Wallace
Phthalate Induction of CYP3A4 is Dependent on Glucocorticoid Regulation of PXR Expression
Toxicol. Sci., June 1, 2008; 103(2): 268 - 277.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
A. E. M. Newman, D. S. Pradhan, and K. K. Soma
Dehydroepiandrosterone and Corticosterone Are Regulated by Season and Acute Stress in a Wild Songbird: Jugular Versus Brachial Plasma
Endocrinology, May 1, 2008; 149(5): 2537 - 2545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
M.-C. Shih, N.-C. Hsu, C.-C. Huang, T.-S. Wu, P.-Y. Lai, and B.-c. Chung
Mutation of Mouse Cyp11a1 Promoter Caused Tissue-Specific Reduction of Gene Expression and Blunted Stress Response without Affecting Reproduction
Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2008; 22(4): 915 - 923.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Pediatr PsycholHome page
M. D. Hanson and E. Chen
Brief Report: The Temporal Relationships Between Sleep, Cortisol, and Lung Functioning in Youth with Asthma
J. Pediatr. Psychol., April 1, 2008; 33(3): 312 - 316.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.Home page
R. Varadhan, J. Walston, A. R. Cappola, M. C. Carlson, G. S. Wand, and L. P. Fried
Higher Levels and Blunted Diurnal Variation of Cortisol in Frail Older Women
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., February 1, 2008; 63(2): 190 - 195.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
D. Mitsushima, K. Takase, T. Funabashi, and F. Kimura
Gonadal Steroid Hormones Maintain the Stress-Induced Acetylcholine Release in the Hippocampus: Simultaneous Measurements of the Extracellular Acetylcholine and Serum Corticosterone Levels in the Same Subjects
Endocrinology, February 1, 2008; 149(2): 802 - 811.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
L. M. Romero, C. J. Meister, N. E. Cyr, G. J. Kenagy, and J. C. Wingfield
Seasonal glucocorticoid responses to capture in wild free-living mammals
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): R614 - R622.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
M. L. Roberts, K. L. Buchanan, D. Hasselquist, A. T. D. Bennett, and M. R. Evans
Physiological, morphological and behavioural effects of selecting zebra finches for divergent levels of corticosterone
J. Exp. Biol., December 15, 2007; 210(24): 4368 - 4378.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
B. R Walker
Glucocorticoids and Cardiovascular Disease
Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2007; 157(5): 545 - 559.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Behav EcolHome page
F. Bonier, P. R. Martin, and J. C. Wingfield
Maternal corticosteroids influence primary offspring sex ratio in a free-ranging passerine bird
Behav. Ecol., November 1, 2007; 18(6): 1045 - 1050.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Acad. PsychiatryHome page
D. H. Novack, O. Cameron, E. Epel, R. Ader, S. R. Waldstein, S. Levenstein, M. H. Antoni, and A. R. Wainer
Psychosomatic Medicine: The Scientific Foundation of the Biopsychosocial Model
Acad Psychiatry, October 1, 2007; 31(5): 388 - 401.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.Home page
P. A. NEPOMNASCHY, E. SHEINER, G. MASTORAKOS, and P. C. ARCK
Stress, Immune Function, and Women's Reproduction
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., October 1, 2007; 1113(1): 350 - 364.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
S. Koc, D. Memis, and N. Sut
The Preoperative Use of Gabapentin, Dexamethasone, and Their Combination in Varicocele Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Anesth. Analg., October 1, 2007; 105(4): 1137 - 1142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Almeida, L. Han, M. Martin-Millan, L. I. Plotkin, S. A. Stewart, P. K. Roberson, S. Kousteni, C. A. O'Brien, T. Bellido, A. M. Parfitt, et al.
Skeletal Involution by Age-associated Oxidative Stress and Its Acceleration by Loss of Sex Steroids
J. Biol. Chem., September 14, 2007; 282(37): 27285 - 27297.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. J. Christiansen, C. B. Djurhuus, C. H. Gravholt, P. Iversen, J. S. Christiansen, O. Schmitz, J. Weeke, J. O. L. Jorgensen, and N. Moller
Effects of Cortisol on Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism: Studies of Acute Cortisol Withdrawal in Adrenocortical Failure
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2007; 92(9): 3553 - 3559.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. del Mar Grasa, M. Serrano, J. A. Fernandez-Lopez, and M. Alemany
Corticosterone Inhibits the Lipid-Mobilizing Effects of Oleoyl-Estrone in Adrenalectomized Rats
Endocrinology, August 1, 2007; 148(8): 4056 - 4063.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. Rev.Home page
B. S. McEwen
Physiology and Neurobiology of Stress and Adaptation: Central Role of the Brain
Physiol Rev, July 1, 2007; 87(3): 873 - 904.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
N. Tran, A. Koch, R. Berkels, O. Boehm, P. A. Zacharowski, G. Baumgarten, P. Knuefermann, M. Schott, W. Kanczkowski, S. R. Bornstein, et al.
Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression in Murine and Human Adrenal Glands and Possible Implications during Inflammation
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2007; 92(7): 2773 - 2783.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Psychosom. Med.Home page
G. Miller and E. Chen
Unfavorable Socioeconomic Conditions in Early Life Presage Expression of Proinflammatory Phenotype in Adolescence
Psychosom Med, June 1, 2007; 69(5): 402 - 409.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
J. Blas, G. R. Bortolotti, J. L. Tella, R. Baos, and T. A. Marchant
Stress response during development predicts fitness in a wild, long lived vertebrate
PNAS, May 22, 2007; 104(21): 8880 - 8884.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. Mueller, A. Atanasov, I. Cima, N. Corazza, K. Schoonjans, and T. Brunner
Differential Regulation of Glucocorticoid Synthesis in Murine Intestinal Epithelial Versus Adrenocortical Cell Lines
Endocrinology, March 1, 2007; 148(3): 1445 - 1453.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. Yong, Z. Yang, S. Periyasamy, H. Chen, S. Yucel, W. Li, L. Y. Lin, I. M. Wolf, M. J. Cohn, L. S. Baskin, et al.
Essential Role for Co-chaperone Fkbp52 but Not Fkbp51 in Androgen Receptor-mediated Signaling and Physiology
J. Biol. Chem., February 16, 2007; 282(7): 5026 - 5036.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
T. Y. Zhang and R. A. Daynes
Glucocorticoid Conditioning of Myeloid Progenitors Enhances TLR4 Signaling via Negative Regulation of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt Pathway
J. Immunol., February 15, 2007; 178(4): 2517 - 2526.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. L. Smart, V. Tolle, V. Otero-Corchon, and M. J. Low
Central Dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Neuron-Specific Proopiomelanocortin-Deficient Mice
Endocrinology, February 1, 2007; 148(2): 647 - 659.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Mol EndocrinolHome page
E. Presul, S. Schmidt, R. Kofler, and A. Helmberg
Identification, tissue expression, and glucocorticoid responsiveness of alternative first exons of the human glucocorticoid receptor
J. Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2007; 38(1): 79 - 90.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Behav EcolHome page
F. Bonier, P. R. Martin, K. S. Sheldon, J. P. Jensen, S. L. Foltz, and J. C. Wingfield
Sex-specific consequences of life in the city
Behav. Ecol., January 1, 2007; 18(1): 121 - 129.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 FASEB J.Home page
A. V. Patchev, D. Fischer, S. S. Wolf, M. Herkenham, F. Gotz, M. Gehin, P. Chambon, V. K. Patchev, and O. F. X. Almeida
Insidious adrenocortical insufficiency underlies neuroendocrine dysregulation in TIF-2 deficient mice
FASEB J, January 1, 2007; 21(1): 231 - 238.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
D. A. Scheuer, A. G. Bechtold, and K. A. Vernon
Chronic Activation of Dorsal Hindbrain Corticosteroid Receptors Augments the Arterial Pressure Response to Acute Stress
Hypertension, January 1, 2007; 49(1): 127 - 133.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Integr. Comp. Biol.Home page
L. B. Martin II, Z. M. Weil, and R. J. Nelson
Refining approaches and diversifying directions in ecoimmunology
Integr. Comp. Biol., December 1, 2006; 46(6): 1030 - 1039.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Integr. Comp. Biol.Home page
C. R. Tracy, K. E. Nussear, T. C. Esque, K. Dean-Bradley, C. R. Tracy, L. A. DeFalco, K. T. Castle, L. C. Zimmerman, R. E. Espinoza, and A. M. Barber
The importance of physiological ecology in conservation biology
Integr. Comp. Biol., December 1, 2006; 46(6): 1191 - 1205.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
L. Remage-Healey, D. P. Nowacek, and A. H. Bass
Dolphin foraging sounds suppress calling and elevate stress hormone levels in a prey species, the Gulf toadfish
J. Exp. Biol., November 15, 2006; 209(22): 4444 - 4451.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
A. Nicholas, C. D. Munhoz, D. Ferguson, L. Campbell, and R. Sapolsky
Enhancing Cognition after Stress with Gene Therapy.
J. Neurosci., November 8, 2006; 26(45): 11637 - 11643.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
E. K. Adam, L. C. Hawkley, B. M. Kudielka, and J. T. Cacioppo
Day-to-day dynamics of experience-cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults
PNAS, November 7, 2006; 103(45): 17058 - 17063.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.Home page
S.R BORNSTEIN, C.G ZIEGLER, A.W KRUG, W KANCZKOWSKI, V RETTORI, S.M MCCANN, M WIRTH, and K ZACHAROWSKI
The Role of Toll-like Receptors in the Immune-Adrenal Crosstalk
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., November 1, 2006; 1088(1): 307 - 318.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.Home page
A. DORI and H. SOREQ
Neuromuscular Therapeutics by RNA-Targeted Suppression of ACHE Gene Expression
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., October 1, 2006; 1082(1): 77 - 90.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
D S Gardner, B W M Van Bon, J Dandrea, P J Goddard, S F May, V Wilson, T Stephenson, and M E Symonds
Effect of periconceptional undernutrition and gender on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in young adult sheep.
J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 190(2): 203 - 212.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
E. Roggero, A. R Perez, M. Tamae-Kakazu, I. Piazzon, I. Nepomnaschy, H. O Besedovsky, O. A Bottasso, and A. del Rey
Endogenous glucocorticoids cause thymus atrophy but are protective during acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection.
J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 190(2): 495 - 503.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
E. H Stolte, B M L. V. van Kemenade, H. F J Savelkoul, and G. Flik
Evolution of glucocorticoid receptors with different glucocorticoid sensitivity.
J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 190(1): 17 - 28.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
W. Arlt, F. Hammer, P. Sanning, S. K. Butcher, J. M. Lord, B. Allolio, D. Annane, and P. M. Stewart
Dissociation of Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate in Septic Shock
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2548 - 2554.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
R. Malcher-Lopes, S. Di, V. S. Marcheselli, F.-J. Weng, C. T. Stuart, N. G. Bazan, and J. G. Tasker
Opposing crosstalk between leptin and glucocorticoids rapidly modulates synaptic excitation via endocannabinoid release.
J. Neurosci., June 14, 2006; 26(24): 6643 - 6650.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
J. T. King, P. V. Lovell, M. Rishniw, M. I. Kotlikoff, M. L. Zeeman, and D. P. McCobb
beta2 and beta4 Subunits of BK Channels Confer Differential Sensitivity to Acute Modulation by Steroid Hormones
J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2006; 95(5): 2878 - 2888.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. E. Coutinho, J. E. Campbell, S. Fediuc, and M. C. Riddell
Effect of voluntary exercise on peripheral tissue glucocorticoid receptor content and the expression and activity of 11beta-HSD1 in the Syrian hamster
J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2006; 100(5): 1483 - 1488.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J ANIM SCIHome page
J. A. Carroll, E. L. Berg, T. A. Strauch, M. P. Roberts, and H. G. Kattesh
Hormonal profiles, behavioral responses, and short-term growth performance after castration of pigs at three, six, nine, or twelve days of age
J Anim Sci, May 1, 2006; 84(5): 1271 - 1278.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Nierop, A. Bratsikas, A. Klinkenberg, U. M. Nater, R. Zimmermann, and U. Ehlert
Prolonged Salivary Cortisol Recovery in Second-Trimester Pregnant Women and Attenuated Salivary {alpha}-Amylase Responses to Psychosocial Stress in Human Pregnancy
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2006; 91(4): 1329 - 1335.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
N. Aluru and M. M. Vijayan
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Impairs Cortisol Response to Stress in Rainbow Trout by Disrupting the Rate-Limiting Steps in Steroidogenesis
Endocrinology, April 1, 2006; 147(4): 1895 - 1903.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
A. Kapoor, E. Dunn, A. Kostaki, M. H. Andrews, and S. G. Matthews
Fetal programming of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function: prenatal stress and glucocorticoids
J. Physiol., April 1, 2006; 572(1): 31 - 44.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Infect. Immun.Home page
R. Campos-Rodriguez, A. Quintanar-Stephano, R. A. Jarillo-Luna, G. Oliver-Aguillon, J. Ventura-Juarez, V. Rivera-Aguilar, I. Berczi, and K. Kovacs
Hypophysectomy and Neurointermediate Pituitary Lobectomy Reduce Serum Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG and Intestinal IgA Responses to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection in Rats
Infect. Immun., March 1, 2006; 74(3): 1883 - 1889.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
K. M Oltmanns, B. Dodt, B. Schultes, H. H Raspe, U. Schweiger, J. Born, H. L Fehm, and A. Peters
Cortisol correlates with metabolic disturbances in a population study of type 2 diabetic patients
Eur. J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2006; 154(2): 325 - 331.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. Zelena, L. Filaretova, Z. Mergl, I. Barna, Z. E. Toth, and G. B. Makara
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, but not vasopressin, participates in chronic hyperactivity of the HPA axis in diabetic rats
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2006; 290(2): E243 - E250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
A. K. Sood, R. Bhatty, A. A. Kamat, C. N. Landen, L. Han, P. H. Thaker, Y. Li, D. M. Gershenson, S. Lutgendorf, and S. W. Cole
Stress Hormone-Mediated Invasion of Ovarian Cancer Cells
Clin. Cancer Res., January 15, 2006; 12(2): 369 - 375.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
J. Wang, H. Rao, G. S. Wetmore, P. M. Furlan, M. Korczykowski, D. F. Dinges, and J. A. Detre
Perfusion functional MRI reveals cerebral blood flow pattern under psychological stress
PNAS, December 6, 2005; 102(49): 17804 - 17809.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M.-J. Lee, Z. Wang, H. Yee, Y. Ma, N. Swenson, L. Yang, S. S. Kadner, R. N. Baergen, S. K. Logan, M. J. Garabedian, et al.
Expression and Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor in Human Placental Villous Fibroblasts
Endocrinology, November 1, 2005; 146(11): 4619 - 4626.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Kariagina, S. Zonis, M. Afkhami, D. Romanenko, and V. Chesnokova
Leukemia inhibitory factor regulates glucocorticoid receptor expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2005; 289(5): E857 - E863.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J ANIM SCIHome page
C. Lee, L. R. Giles, W. L. Bryden, J. A. Downing, D. C. Collins, and P. C. Wynn
The effect of active immunization against adrenocorticotropic hormone on cortisol, {beta}-endorphin, vocalization, and growth in pigs
J Anim Sci, October 1, 2005; 83(10): 2372 - 2379.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Exp. Med.Home page
A. Hermanowski-Vosatka, J. M. Balkovec, K. Cheng, H. Y. Chen, M. Hernandez, G. C. Koo, C. B. Le Grand, Z. Li, J. M. Metzger, S. S. Mundt, et al.
11{beta}-HSD1 inhibition ameliorates metabolic syndrome and prevents progression of atherosclerosis in mice
J. Exp. Med., August 15, 2005; 202(4): 517 - 527.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Biol Res NursHome page
S. L. Szanton, J. M. Gill, and J. K. Allen
Allostatic Load: A Mechanism of Socioeconomic Health Disparities?
Biol Res Nurs, July 1, 2005; 7(1): 7 - 15.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
Y. S. Kim, S.-W. Jang, H. J. Sung, H. J. Lee, I. S. Kim, D. S. Na, and J. Ko
Role of 14-3-3{eta} as a Positive Regulator of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Transcriptional Activation
Endocrinology, July 1, 2005; 146(7): 3133 - 3140.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. J. Cole, D. R. Liddicoat, and D. I. Godfrey
Intrathymic Glucocorticoid Production and Thymocyte Survival: Another Piece in the Puzzle
Endocrinology, June 1, 2005; 146(6): 2499 - 2500.
[Full Text] [PDF]