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Endocrine Reviews 20 (4): 535-582
Copyright © 1999 by The Endocrine Society

The Insulin-Related Ovarian Regulatory System in Health and Disease

Leonid Poretsky, Nicholas A. Cataldo, Zev Rosenwaks and Linda C. Giudice

Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (L.P.) and Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Z.R.), New York Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021; and Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University Medical Center (N.A.C., L.C.G.), Stanford, California 94305

I. Introduction
II. Insulin and Insulin Receptor
A. Structures of insulin and insulin receptor
B. Presence of insulin and insulin receptor in the ovary
C. Insulin action and the ovary
D. Summary
III. IGFs and Their Receptors
A. IGF peptides and receptors
B. Expression of IGFs and IGF receptors in the ovary
C. Role of IGFs in ovulatory function and steroidogenesis
D. Summary
IV. IGF-Binding Proteins (IGFBPs) and Proteases
A. Structural relationships among IGFBPs
B. IGFBP expression in the ovary
C. IGFBP proteases in the ovary
D. IGFBP actions in the ovary
E. Role of IGFBPs in follicular development and atresia
F. Summary
V. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
A. Clinical features
B. Theories of pathogenesis
C. Insulin resistance in PCOS
D. Alterations of IGFs and IGFBPs in PCOS
E. Summary
VI. The Insulin-Related Ovarian Regulatory System: Implications for Therapy
A. Treatment of PCOS
B. Therapeutic use of IGF-I and IGF-II
C. Use of GH in ovulation induction
VII. Summary and Conclusions




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J. Zhou, J. Wang, D. Penny, P. Monget, J. A. Arraztoa, L. J. Fogelson, and C. A. Bondy
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 4 Expression Parallels Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Expression and Follicular Luteinization in the Primate Ovary
Biol Reprod, July 1, 2003; 69(1): 22 - 29.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. M. Kalish, E. Barrett-Connor, G. A. Laughlin, and B. I. Gulanski
Association of Endogenous Sex Hormones and Insulin Resistance among Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Intervention Trial
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2003; 88(4): 1646 - 1652.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
J.C. Martinez-Chequer, R.L. Stouffer, T.M. Hazzard, P.E. Patton, and T.A. Molskness
Insulin-Like Growth Factors-1 and -2, but not Hypoxia, Synergize with Gonadotropin Hormone to Promote Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A Secretion by Monkey Granulosa Cells from Preovulatory Follicles
Biol Reprod, April 1, 2003; 68(4): 1112 - 1118.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. J. Moran, M. Noakes, P. M. Clifton, L. Tomlinson, and R. J. Norman
Dietary Composition in Restoring Reproductive and Metabolic Physiology in Overweight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 812 - 819.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Gaytan, M. L. Barreiro, L. K. Chopin, A. C. Herington, C. Morales, L. Pinilla, F. F. Casanueva, E. Aguilar, C. Dieguez, and M. Tena-Sempere
Immunolocalization of Ghrelin and Its Functional Receptor, the Type 1a Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, in the Cyclic Human Ovary
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 879 - 887.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
G. M. Rivera and J. E. Fortune
Selection of the Dominant Follicle and Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-Binding Proteins: Evidence that Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A Contributes to Proteolysis of IGF-Binding Protein 5 in Bovine Follicular Fluid
Endocrinology, February 1, 2003; 144(2): 437 - 446.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. Cermik, B. Selam, and H. S. Taylor
Regulation of HOXA-10 Expression by Testosterone in Vitro and in the Endometrium of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 238 - 243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
R. Kaaks, A. Lukanova, and M. S. Kurzer
Obesity, Endogenous Hormones, and Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Synthetic Review
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2002; 11(12): 1531 - 1543.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.Home page
P. Muti, T. Quattrin, B. J. B. Grant, V. Krogh, A. Micheli, H. J. Schunemann, M. Ram, J. L. Freudenheim, S. Sieri, M. Trevisan, et al.
Fasting Glucose Is a Risk Factor For Breast Cancer: A Prospective Study
Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2002; 11(11): 1361 - 1368.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. E. Silfen, C. H. L. Shackleton, A. M. Manibo, L. S. Levine, D. Sekhar, D. J. McMahon, and S. E. Oberfield
5{alpha}-Reductase and 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Activity in Prepubertal Hispanic Girls with Premature Adrenarche
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4647 - 4651.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
D. Zaczek, J. Hammond, L. Suen, S. Wandji, D. Service, A. Bartke, V. Chandrashekar, K. Coschigano, and J. Kopchick
Impact of Growth Hormone Resistance on Female Reproductive Function: New Insights from Growth Hormone Receptor Knockout Mice
Biol Reprod, October 1, 2002; 67(4): 1115 - 1124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Ibanez, C. Valls, A. Ferrer, K. Ong, D. B. Dunger, and F. de Zegher
Additive Effects of Insulin-Sensitizing and Anti-Androgen Treatment in Young, Nonobese Women with Hyperinsulinism, Hyperandrogenism, Dyslipidemia, and Anovulation
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2002; 87(6): 2870 - 2874.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
A. Hourvitz, A. Kuwahara, J. D. Hennebold, A. B. Tavares, H. Negishi, T. H. Lee, G. F. Erickson, and E. Y. Adashi
The Regulated Expression of the Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A in the Rodent Ovary: A Proposed Role in the Development of Dominant Follicles and of Corpora Lutea
Endocrinology, May 1, 2002; 143(5): 1833 - 1844.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
R. Homburg
Should patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome be treated with metformin?: A note of cautious optimism
Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2002; 17(4): 853 - 856.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
I. Ek, P. Arner, M. Ryden, C. Holm, A. Thorne, J. Hoffstedt, and H. Wahrenberg
A Unique Defect in the Regulation of Visceral Fat Cell Lipolysis in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome as an Early Link to Insulin Resistance
Diabetes, February 1, 2002; 51(2): 484 - 492.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. E. Silfen, A. M. Manibo, M. Ferin, D. J. McMahon, L. S. Levine, and S. E. Oberfield
Elevated Free IGF-I Levels in Prepubertal Hispanic Girls with Premature Adrenarche: Relationship with Hyperandrogenism and Insulin Sensitivity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 398 - 403.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
S. A. El Mkadem, C. Lautier, F. Macari, N. Molinari, P. Lefebvre, E. Renard, J. C. Gris, G. Cros, J. P. Daures, J. Bringer, et al.
Role of Allelic Variants Gly972Arg of IRS-1 and Gly1057Asp of IRS-2 in Moderate-to-Severe Insulin Resistance of Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Diabetes, September 1, 2001; 50(9): 2164 - 2168.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
J.E. Fortune, G.M. Rivera, A.C.O. Evans, and A.M. Turzillo
Differentiation of Dominant Versus Subordinate Follicles in Cattle
Biol Reprod, September 1, 2001; 65(3): 648 - 654.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Ibanez, C. Valls, A. Ferrer, M. V. Marcos, F. Rodriguez-Hierro, and F. de Zegher
Sensitization to Insulin Induces Ovulation in Nonobese Adolescents with Anovulatory Hyperandrogenism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2001; 86(8): 3595 - 3598.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
L. Poretsky, D. Seto-Young, A. Shrestha, S. Dhillon, M. Mirjany, H.-C. Liu, M. C Yih, and Z. Rosenwaks
Phosphatidyl-Inositol-3 Kinase-Independent Insulin Action Pathway(s) in the Human Ovary
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2001; 86(7): 3115 - 3119.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
N. Sekar and J. D. Veldhuis
Concerted Transcriptional Activation of the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Gene by Insulin and Luteinizing Hormone in Cultured Porcine Granulosa-Luteal Cells: Possible Convergence of Protein Kinase A, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways
Endocrinology, July 1, 2001; 142(7): 2921 - 2928.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
G.M. Rivera, Y.A. Chandrasekher, A.C.O. Evans, L.C. Giudice, and J.E. Fortune
A Potential Role for Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-4 Proteolysis in the Establishment of Ovarian Follicular Dominance in Cattle
Biol Reprod, July 1, 2001; 65(1): 102 - 111.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
G.M. Rivera and J.E. Fortune
Development of Codominant Follicles in Cattle Is Associated with a Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Dependent Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-4 Protease
Biol Reprod, July 1, 2001; 65(1): 112 - 118.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. J. Jakubowicz, M. Seppälä, S. Jakubowicz, O. Rodriguez-Armas, A. Rivas-Santiago, H. Koistinen, R. Koistinen, and J. E. Nestler
Insulin Reduction with Metformin Increases Luteal Phase Serum Glycodelin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein 1 Concentrations and Enhances Uterine Vascularity and Blood Flow in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1126 - 1133.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
C. T.F. Huang, S. R. Weitsman, B. N. Dykes, and D. A. Magoffin
Stem Cell Factor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Stimulate Luteinizing Hormone-Independent Differentiation of Rat Ovarian Theca Cells
Biol Reprod, February 1, 2001; 64(2): 451 - 456.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
N. Sekar, H. A. LaVoie, and J. D. Veldhuis
Concerted Regulation of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Gene Expression by Luteinizing Hormone and Insulin (or Insulin-Like Growth Factor I) in Primary Cultures of Porcine Granulosa-Luteal Cells
Endocrinology, November 1, 2000; 141(11): 3983 - 3992.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
S. M. Quirk, R. M. Harman, and R. G. Cowan
Regulation of Fas Antigen (Fas, CD95)-Mediated Apoptosis of Bovine Granulosa Cells by Serum and Growth Factors
Biol Reprod, November 1, 2000; 63(5): 1278 - 1284.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. E. Oberfield
Metabolic Lessons from the Study of Young Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome--Is Insulin, Indeed, the Culprit?
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2000; 85(10): 3520 - 3525.
[Full Text]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
G. M. Weber and C. V. Sullivan
Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I on In Vitro Final Oocyte Maturation and Ovarian Steroidogenesis in Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis
Biol Reprod, October 1, 2000; 63(4): 1049 - 1057.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
J. Liu, A. T. Koenigsfeld, T. C. Cantley, C. K. Boyd, Y. Kobayashi, and M. C. Lucy
Growth and the Initiation of Steroidogenesis in Porcine Follicles Are Associated with Unique Patterns of Gene Expression for Individual Componentsof the Ovarian Insulin-Like Growth Factor System
Biol Reprod, September 1, 2000; 63(3): 942 - 952.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
I. J. Gonzalez-Robayna, A. E. Falender, S. Ochsner, G. L. Firestone, and J. S. Richards
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Stimulates Phosphorylation and Activation of Protein Kinase B (PKB/Akt) and Serum and Glucocorticoid-Induced Kinase (Sgk): Evidence for A Kinase-Independent Signaling by FSH in Granulosa Cells
Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2000; 14(8): 1283 - 1300.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
B. D. Murphy
Models of Luteinization
Biol Reprod, July 1, 2000; 63(1): 2 - 11.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. W. C. M. Van Dam, F. Roelfsema, J. D. Veldhuis, F. M. Helmerhorst, M. Frolich, A. E. Meinders, H. M. J. Krans, and H. Pijl
Increase in daily LH secretion in response to short-term calorie restriction in obese women with PCOS
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2002; 282(4): E865 - E872.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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