Estrogen Receptor Null Mice: What Have We Learned and Where Will They Lead Us?
John F. Couse and
Kenneth S. Korach
Receptor Biology Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and
Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27709
I. Introduction—A Historical Perspective
II. EstrogenReceptors (ER)
A. Gene and mRNA structure
B. Mechanism ofER action
C. Generation of the estrogen receptor null mice
III. Reproductive Tract Phenotypes of the Female
A. Uterus
B. Vagina
C. Oviduct
D. Ovary
IV. Mammary Gland
A.ERKO phenotype
B. ßERKO phenotype
C. ER and oncogene-inducedtumorigenesis: Wnt-1/ERKO mice
V. Reproductive Tract Phenotypesof the Male
A. Testicular function and spermatogenesis
B.Accessory sex organs
VI. Neuroendocrine System
A. Hypothalamic-pituitaryaxis
B. Behavior
VII. Phenotypes in Peripheral Tissues
A.Skeletal system
B. Cardiovascular system
C. Adipogenesis
VIII. Comparison with Human Disease and Models of DeficientEstrogen Action
A. Ovarian carcinogenesis
B. Chronic anovulation
C. ER and aromatase deficiency
IX. Summary
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ERKO phenotype 
