Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of
Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
10021
I. Introduction
II. Mechanisms of Estrogen Action
A. "Genomic"and "nongenomic" mechanisms
B. Steroid hormone actions ongene expression
C. Subtypes of estrogen receptors
D. Steroidhormone actions on putative receptors on membranes
E. Rapidactions of steroids on neuronal excitability
F. Steroid hormoneactions via second messengers
G. Neuroprotective effects ofestrogens
H. Summary
III. Areas of the Brain Affected Outsideof the Hypothalamus
A. Studies of hypothalamic and extrahypothalamicactions ofestrogens
B. Estrogens and the cholinergic system
C. Estrogens and the serotonergic system
D. Catecholaminergicneurons
E. Spinal cord
F. Hippocampus
G. Glial cells,endothelial cells, and the blood-brain barrier
H. Summary
IV. Effects of Estrogens on Learning and Memory
V. Estrogens,Neuroprotection, and Alzheimer’s Disease
VI. Conclusions
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