help button home button Endocrine Society Endocrine Reviews
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by McEwen, B. S.
Right arrow Articles by Alves, S. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by McEwen, B. S.
Right arrow Articles by Alves, S. E.
Endocrine Reviews 20 (3): 279-307
Copyright © 1999 by The Endocrine Society

Estrogen Actions in the Central Nervous System1

Bruce S. McEwen and Stephen E. Alves

Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021

I. Introduction
II. Mechanisms of Estrogen Action
A. "Genomic" and "nongenomic" mechanisms
B. Steroid hormone actions on gene expression
C. Subtypes of estrogen receptors
D. Steroid hormone actions on putative receptors on membranes
E. Rapid actions of steroids on neuronal excitability
F. Steroid hormone actions via second messengers
G. Neuroprotective effects of estrogens
H. Summary
III. Areas of the Brain Affected Outside of the Hypothalamus
A. Studies of hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic actions of estrogens
B. Estrogens and the cholinergic system
C. Estrogens and the serotonergic system
D. Catecholaminergic neurons
E. Spinal cord
F. Hippocampus
G. Glial cells, endothelial cells, and the blood-brain barrier
H. Summary
IV. Effects of Estrogens on Learning and Memory
V. Estrogens, Neuroprotection, and Alzheimer’s Disease
VI. Conclusions




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
D. Mitsushima, K. Takase, T. Funabashi, and F. Kimura
Gonadal Steroid Hormones Maintain the Stress-Induced Acetylcholine Release in the Hippocampus: Simultaneous Measurements of the Extracellular Acetylcholine and Serum Corticosterone Levels in the Same Subjects
Endocrinology, February 1, 2008; 149(2): 802 - 811.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Nucleic Acids ResHome page
V. Bourdeau, J. Deschenes, D. Laperriere, M. Aid, J. H. White, and S. Mader
Mechanisms of primary and secondary estrogen target gene regulation in breast cancer cells
Nucleic Acids Res., January 17, 2008; 36(1): 76 - 93.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. M. Wang, L. Liu, and R. D. Brinton
Estradiol-17 -Induced Human Neural Progenitor Cell Proliferation Is Mediated by an Estrogen Receptor -Phosphorylated Extracellularly Regulated Kinase Pathway
Endocrinology, January 1, 2008; 149(1): 208 - 218.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol.Home page
E. Chang, M. E. O'Donnell, and A. I. Barakat
Shear stress and 17{beta}-estradiol modulate cerebral microvascular endothelial Na-K-Cl cotransporter and Na/H exchanger protein levels
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): C363 - C371.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Reproductive SciencesHome page
E. B. Gold, B. Lasley, S. L. Crawford, D. McConnell, H. Joffe, and G. A. Greendale
Relation of Daily Urinary Hormone Patterns to Vasomotor Symptoms in a Racially/Ethnically Diverse Sample of Midlife Women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation
Reproductive Sciences, December 1, 2007; 14(8): 786 - 797.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.Home page
X. CALDU and J.-C. DREHER
Hormonal and Genetic Influences on Processing Reward and Social Information
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., November 1, 2007; 1118(1): 43 - 73.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Cheng, D. V. Yu, J.-H. Zhou, and D. J. Shapiro
Tamoxifen Induction of CCAAT Enhancer-binding Protein {alpha} Is Required for Tamoxifen-induced Apoptosis
J. Biol. Chem., October 19, 2007; 282(42): 30535 - 30543.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Biol Res NursHome page
G.C. Lasiuk and K.M. Hegadoren
The Effects of Estradiol on Central Serotonergic Systems and Its Relationship to Mood in Women
Biol Res Nurs, October 1, 2007; 9(2): 147 - 160.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. I. Boulware, H. Kordasiewicz, and P. G. Mermelstein
Caveolin Proteins Are Essential for Distinct Effects of Membrane Estrogen Receptors in Neurons
J. Neurosci., September 12, 2007; 27(37): 9941 - 9950.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NeurologyHome page
W. A. Rocca, J. H. Bower, D. M. Maraganore, J. E. Ahlskog, B. R. Grossardt, M. de Andrade, and L. J. Melton III
Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause
Neurology, September 11, 2007; 69(11): 1074 - 1083.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
X. Fan, H.-J. Kim, M. Warner, and J.-A. Gustafsson
Estrogen receptor beta is essential for sprouting of nociceptive primary afferents and for morphogenesis and maintenance of the dorsal horn interneurons
PNAS, August 21, 2007; 104(34): 13696 - 13701.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Deschenes, V. Bourdeau, J. H. White, and S. Mader
Regulation of GREB1 Transcription by Estrogen Receptor {alpha} through a Multipartite Enhancer Spread Over 20 kb of Upstream Flanking Sequences
J. Biol. Chem., June 15, 2007; 282(24): 17335 - 17339.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Taziaux, M. Keller, J. Bakker, and J. Balthazart
Sexual Behavior Activity Tracks Rapid Changes in Brain Estrogen Concentrations
J. Neurosci., June 13, 2007; 27(24): 6563 - 6572.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J PsychopharmacolHome page
C. N. Epperson, Z. Amin, F. Naftolin, A. Cappiello, K. A. Czarkowski, S. Stiklus, G. M. Anderson, and J. H. Krystal
The resistance to depressive relapse in menopausal women undergoing tryptophan depletion: preliminary findings
J Psychopharmacol, June 1, 2007; 21(4): 414 - 420.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
M. Lupien, M. Jeyakumar, E. Hebert, K. Hilmi, D. Cotnoir-White, C. Loch, A. Auger, G. Dayan, G.-A. Pinard, J.-M. Wurtz, et al.
Raloxifene and ICI182,780 Increase Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Association with a Nuclear Compartment via Overlapping Sets of Hydrophobic Amino Acids in Activation Function 2 Helix 12
Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2007; 21(4): 797 - 816.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
A. R. Genazzani, N. Pluchino, S. Luisi, and M. Luisi
Estrogen, cognition and female ageing
Hum. Reprod. Update, March 1, 2007; 13(2): 175 - 187.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
J.-C. Dreher, P. J. Schmidt, P. Kohn, D. Furman, D. Rubinow, and K. F. Berman
Menstrual cycle phase modulates reward-related neural function in women
PNAS, February 13, 2007; 104(7): 2465 - 2470.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
X. Fan, M. Warner, and J.-A. Gustafsson
Estrogen receptor beta expression in the embryonic brain regulates development of calretinin-immunoreactive GABAergic interneurons
PNAS, December 19, 2006; 103(51): 19338 - 19343.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
J. L. Turgeon, M. C. Carr, P. M. Maki, M. E. Mendelsohn, and P. M. Wise
Complex Actions of Sex Steroids in Adipose Tissue, the Cardiovascular System, and Brain: Insights from Basic Science and Clinical Studies
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2006; 27(6): 575 - 605.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
K. Ito, Y. Hirooka, Y. Kimura, Y. Sagara, and K. Sunagawa
Ovariectomy Augments Hypertension Through Rho-Kinase Activation in the Brain Stem in Female Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Hypertension, October 1, 2006; 48(4): 651 - 657.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
B. S. Rubin, J. R. Lenkowski, C. M. Schaeberle, L. N. Vandenberg, P. M. Ronsheim, and A. M. Soto
Evidence of Altered Brain Sexual Differentiation in Mice Exposed Perinatally to Low, Environmentally Relevant Levels of Bisphenol A
Endocrinology, August 1, 2006; 147(8): 3681 - 3691.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
P. Mendez and L. M. Garcia-Segura
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Regulate Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Transcription in Neuronal Cells
Endocrinology, June 1, 2006; 147(6): 3027 - 3039.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
J. Qiu, M. A. Bosch, S. C. Tobias, A. Krust, S. M. Graham, S. J. Murphy, K. S. Korach, P. Chambon, T. S. Scanlan, O. K. Ronnekleiv, et al.
A G-Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Is Involved in Hypothalamic Control of Energy Homeostasis
J. Neurosci., May 24, 2006; 26(21): 5649 - 5655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
R. S. Bridges and E. M. Byrnes
Reproductive Experience Reduces Circulating 17{beta}-Estradiol and Prolactin Levels during Proestrus and Alters Estrogen Sensitivity in Female Rats
Endocrinology, May 1, 2006; 147(5): 2575 - 2582.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ReproductionHome page
R Aguilar, C Bellido, J C Garrido-Gracia, R Alonso, and J E Sanchez-Criado
Estradiol and its membrane-impermeable conjugate estradiol-BSA inhibit tamoxifen-stimulated prolactin secretion in incubated rat pituitaries.
Reproduction, April 1, 2006; 131(4): 763 - 769.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
L. S. Cohen, C. N. Soares, A. F. Vitonis, M. W. Otto, and B. L. Harlow
Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition: the Harvard study of moods and cycles.
Arch Gen Psychiatry, April 1, 2006; 63(4): 385 - 390.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp PhysiolHome page
G. M. Barrett, M. Bardi, A. K. Z. Guillen, A. Mori, and K. Shimizu
Regulation of sexual behaviour in male macaques by sex steroid modulation of the serotonergic system
Exp Physiol, March 1, 2006; 91(2): 445 - 456.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ReproductionHome page
M. Casais, S. M. Delgado, Z. Sosa, and A. M. Rastrilla
Involvement of the coeliac ganglion in the luteotrophic effect of androstenedione in late pregnant rats
Reproduction, February 1, 2006; 131(2): 361 - 368.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. Balthazart, M. Baillien, and G. F. Ball
Rapid Control of Brain Aromatase Activity by Glutamatergic Inputs
Endocrinology, January 1, 2006; 147(1): 359 - 366.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. M. Khan, M. Hadman, C. Wakade, L. M. De Sevilla, K. M. Dhandapani, V. B. Mahesh, R. K. Vadlamudi, and D. W. Brann
Cloning, Expression, and Localization of MNAR/PELP1 in Rodent Brain: Colocalization in Estrogen Receptor-{alpha}- But Not in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Positive Neurons
Endocrinology, December 1, 2005; 146(12): 5215 - 5227.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
X. Protopopescu, H. Pan, M. Altemus, O. Tuescher, M. Polanecsky, B. McEwen, D. Silbersweig, and E. Stern
Orbitofrontal cortex activity related to emotional processing changes across the menstrual cycle
PNAS, November 1, 2005; 102(44): 16060 - 16065.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
J. M. Kaufman and A. Vermeulen
The Decline of Androgen Levels in Elderly Men and Its Clinical and Therapeutic Implications
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2005; 26(6): 833 - 876.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
J. E Sanchez-Criado, C. Bellido, R. Aguilar, and J. C Garrido-Gracia
A paradoxical inhibitory effect of oestradiol-17{beta} on GnRH self-priming in pituitaries from tamoxifen-treated rats
J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2005; 186(1): 43 - 49.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.Home page
B. B. SHERWIN
Surgical Menopause, Estrogen, and Cognitive Function in Women: What Do the Findings Tell Us?
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., June 1, 2005; 1052(1): 3 - 10.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. I. Boulware, J. P. Weick, B. R. Becklund, S. P. Kuo, R. D. Groth, and P. G. Mermelstein
Estradiol Activates Group I and II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Signaling, Leading to Opposing Influences on cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein
J. Neurosci., May 18, 2005; 25(20): 5066 - 5078.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
R. G. Smith, L. Betancourt, and Y. Sun
Molecular Endocrinology and Physiology of the Aging Central Nervous System
Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2005; 26(2): 203 - 250.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
I. J. Clarke, V. A. Tobin, S. Pompolo, and A. Pereira
Effects of Changing Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Frequency and Estrogen Treatment on Levels of Estradiol Receptor-{alpha} and Induction of Fos and Phosphorylated Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element Binding Protein in Pituitary Gonadotropes: Studies in Hypothalamo-Pituitary Disconnected Ewes
Endocrinology, March 1, 2005; 146(3): 1128 - 1137.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
A. G Zabka, G. S Mitchell, and M Behan
Ageing and gonadectomy have similar effects on hypoglossal long-term facilitation in male Fischer rats
J. Physiol., March 1, 2005; 563(2): 557 - 568.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. D. Lund, T. Rovis, W. C. J. Chung, and R. J. Handa
Novel Actions of Estrogen Receptor-{beta} on Anxiety-Related Behaviors
Endocrinology, February 1, 2005; 146(2): 797 - 807.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
T. R. Chakraborty, G. Rajendren, and A. C. Gore
Expression of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} in the Anteroventral Periventricular Nucleus of Hypogonadal Mice
Experimental Biology and Medicine, January 1, 2005; 230(1): 49 - 56.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
N. J. MacLusky, V. N. Luine, T. Hajszan, and C. Leranth
The 17{alpha} and 17{beta} Isomers of Estradiol Both Induce Rapid Spine Synapse Formation in the CA1 Hippocampal Subfield of Ovariectomized Female Rats
Endocrinology, January 1, 2005; 146(1): 287 - 293.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
T. R. Chakraborty and A. C. Gore
Aging-Related Changes in Ovarian Hormones, Their Receptors, and Neuroendocrine Function
Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2004; 229(10): 977 - 987.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Toxicol SciHome page
I. A. T. M. Meerts, H. Lilienthal, S. Hoving, J. H. J. van den Berg, B. M. Weijers, A. Bergman, J. H. Koeman, and A. Brouwer
Developmental Exposure to 4-hydroxy-2,3,3',4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (4-OH-CB107): Long-Term Effects on Brain Development, Behavior, and Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Rats
Toxicol. Sci., November 1, 2004; 82(1): 207 - 218.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 StrokeHome page
L. M. Brass
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Stroke: Clinical Trials Review
Stroke, November 1, 2004; 35(11_suppl_1): 2644 - 2647.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Obstet GynecolHome page
Cognition and Dementia
Obstet. Gynecol., October 1, 2004; 104(4_suppl): 25S - 40S.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. Jesmin, H. Togashi, I. Sakuma, C. N. Mowa, K.-I. Ueno, T. Yamaguchi, M. Yoshioka, and A. Kitabatake
Gonadal Hormones and Frontocortical Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Male Stroke-Prone, Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, a Model for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Endocrinology, September 1, 2004; 145(9): 4330 - 4343.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
V. D. Doan, S. Gagnon, and V. Joseph
Prenatal blockade of estradiol synthesis impairs respiratory and metabolic responses to hypoxia in newborn and adult rats
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): R612 - R618.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
I. M. Abraham, M. G. Todman, K. S. Korach, and A. E. Herbison
Critical in Vivo Roles for Classical Estrogen Receptors in Rapid Estrogen Actions on Intracellular Signaling in Mouse Brain
Endocrinology, July 1, 2004; 145(7): 3055 - 3061.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Maggiolini, A. Vivacqua, G. Fasanella, A. G. Recchia, D. Sisci, V. Pezzi, D. Montanaro, A. M. Musti, D. Picard, and S. Ando
The G Protein-coupled Receptor GPR30 Mediates c-fos Up-regulation by 17{beta}-Estradiol and Phytoestrogens in Breast Cancer Cells
J. Biol. Chem., June 25, 2004; 279(26): 27008 - 27016.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
D. Vanderschueren, L. Vandenput, S. Boonen, M. K. Lindberg, R. Bouillon, and C. Ohlsson
Androgens and Bone
Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2004; 25(3): 389 - 425.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.Home page
J. L. CAMERON
Interrelationships between Hormones, Behavior, and Affect during Adolescence: Complex Relationships Exist between Reproductive Hormones, Stress-Related Hormones, and the Activity of Neural Systems That Regulate Behavioral Affect. Comments on Part III
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., June 1, 2004; 1021(1): 134 - 142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
V. Bourdeau, J. Deschenes, R. Metivier, Y. Nagai, D. Nguyen, N. Bretschneider, F. Gannon, J. H. White, and S. Mader
Genome-Wide Identification of High-Affinity Estrogen Response Elements in Human and Mouse
Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2004; 18(6): 1411 - 1427.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. Hestiantoro and D. F. Swaab
Changes in Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} and -{beta} in the Infundibular Nucleus of the Human Hypothalamus Are Related to the Occurrence of Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1912 - 1925.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
R. Dominguez, C. Jalali, and S. de Lacalle
Morphological Effects of Estrogen on Cholinergic Neurons In Vitro Involves Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases
J. Neurosci., January 28, 2004; 24(4): 982 - 990.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
S. Moverare, J. Dahllund, N. Andersson, U. Islander, H. Carlsten, J.-A. Gustafsson, S. Nilsson, and C. Ohlsson
Estren Is a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator with Transcriptional Activity
Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2003; 64(6): 1428 - 1433.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
A.-S. Parent, G. Teilmann, A. Juul, N. E. Skakkebaek, J. Toppari, and J.-P. Bourguignon
The Timing of Normal Puberty and the Age Limits of Sexual Precocity: Variations around the World, Secular Trends, and Changes after Migration
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2003; 24(5): 668 - 693.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
A. M. Etgen and M. Acosta-Martinez
Participation of Growth Factor Signal Transduction Pathways in Estradiol Facilitation of Female Reproductive Behavior
Endocrinology, September 1, 2003; 144(9): 3828 - 3835.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. R. Chakraborty, L. Ng, and A. C. Gore
Age-Related Changes in Estrogen Receptor {beta} in Rat Hypothalamus: A Quantitative Analysis
Endocrinology, September 1, 2003; 144(9): 4164 - 4171.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NeurologyHome page
C. L. Harden
Menopause and bone density issues for women with epilepsy
Neurology, September 1, 2003; 61(90062): S16 - 22.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
I. M. Abraham, S.-K. Han, M. G. Todman, K. S. Korach, and A. E. Herbison
Estrogen Receptor {beta} Mediates Rapid Estrogen Actions on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons In Vivo
J. Neurosci., July 2, 2003; 23(13): 5771 - 5777.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
H. L. Rincavage, D. P. McDonnell, and C. M. Kuhn
Expression of Functional Estrogen Receptor {beta} in Locus Coeruleus-Derived Cath.a Cells
Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 2829 - 2835.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. W. Mitra, E. Hoskin, J. Yudkovitz, L. Pear, H. A. Wilkinson, S. Hayashi, D. W. Pfaff, S. Ogawa, S. P. Rohrer, J. M. Schaeffer, et al.
Immunolocalization of Estrogen Receptor {beta} in the Mouse Brain: Comparison with Estrogen Receptor {alpha}
Endocrinology, May 1, 2003; 144(5): 2055 - 2067.
[Abstract]