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Endocrine Reviews 20 (1): 68-100
Copyright © 1999 by The Endocrine Society

Interacting Appetite-Regulating Pathways in the Hypothalamic Regulation of Body Weight1

Satya P. Kalra, Michael G. Dube, Shuye Pu, Bin Xu, Tamas L. Horvath and Pushpa S. Kalra

Department of Neuroscience (S.P.K., S.P., B.X.), Department of Physiology (M.G.D., P.S.K.), and The University of Florida Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (T.L.H.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510

I. Introduction
II. Neuroanatomical Substrate for Appetite Regulation
A. Arcuate nucleus
B. Ventromedial nucleus and lateral hypothalamus
C. Dorsomedial nucleus
D. Paraventricular nucleus and perifornical hypothalamus
E. Suprachiasmatic nucleus and the timing device
F. Overview of the neuroanatomical substrate associated with appetite control
III. Orexigenic Signals
A. Neuropeptide Y
B. Galanin
C. Endogenous opioid peptides
D. Melanin-concentrating hormone
E. Amino acids: glutamate and {gamma}-aminobutyric acid
F. Hypocretins/orexins
G. Morphological and functional links among orexigenic signals
IV. Anorexigenic Signals
A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone family of peptides
B. Neurotensin
C. Glucagon-like peptide-1
D. Melanocortin and agouti protein
E. Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript
V. Leptin
A. An adipocyte signal
B. Site of action
C. Is leptin a physiological satiety signal?
D. Leptin signal transduction and leptin resistance
VI. Summary




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