help button home button Endocrine Society Endocrine Reviews
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Rapoport, B.
Right arrow Articles by McLachlan, S. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Rapoport, B.
Right arrow Articles by McLachlan, S. M.
Endocrine Reviews 19 (6): 673-716
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

The Thyrotropin (TSH)-Releasing Hormone Receptor: Interaction with TSH and Autoantibodies1

Basil Rapoport, Gregorio D. Chazenbalk, Juan Carlos Jaume2 and Sandra M. McLachlan

Autoimmune Disease Unit, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and the University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048

I. Introduction
II. TSHR Ectodomain Structure
A. Primary amino acid structure
B. Subunit structure
C. Disulfide bonds in the TSHR ectodomain
D. Carbohydrate moieties in the TSHR ectodomain
E. TSHR dimerization
III. Recombinant TSHR Expression
A. Approaches to TSHR expression
B. TSHR expression in prokaryotes
C. TSHR expression as cell-free translates or as synthetic peptides
D. TSHR expression in eukaryotic insect cells
E. TSHR expression in mammalian cells
IV. TSH and Autoantibody Binding to the TSHR Ectodomain
A. Holoreceptor vs. ectodomain
B. Conformational nature of binding sites
C. TSHR carbohydrate: part of the binding site?
D. TSHR amino acid residues in TSH-binding site
E. Autoantibody epitopes
V. TSHR Autoantibody Assays
A. Historical background
B. In vivo and in vitro bioassays
C. Indirect TBI assays
D. Direct assays for TSHR autoantibodies
E. Confusion on the terminology and types of TSHR autoantibodies
VI. Monoclonal Autoantibodies to the TSHR Ectodomain
A. Introduction
B. Mouse TSHR mAb
C. Human monoclonal TSHR autoantibodies
D. Interpretation of the data on human TSHR-specific mAbs
E. Why is the subject of TSHR mAbs controversial?
F. Source of B cells used to obtain human TSHR monoclonal antibodies
VII. T Cell Epitopes
A. Background
B. Approaches to studying T cell responses
C. TSHR synthetic peptides
D. Endogenous antigen processing
E. TSHR-specific T cell receptor genes and cytokine production
F. Summary
VIII. Molecular Mimicry
IX. Animal Models of Graves’ Disease
A. Immunization with soluble TSHR antigen and adjuvant
B. Genetic immunization
C. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model of Graves’ disease
D. Immunization with live syngeneic fibroblasts expressing the TSHR and class II molecules
X. Ectodomain Mutations and Polymorphisms
A. Spontaneous ectodomain mutations leading to enhanced TSHR function
B. Spontaneous ectodomain mutations leading to decreased TSHR function
C. Nonfunctional polymorphisms in the TSHR ectodomain
D. TSHR ectodomain splice variants
XI. Extrathyroidal Manifestations of Graves’ Disease




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Identification of Key Amino Acid Residues in a Thyrotropin Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Epitope Provides Insight into Its Inverse Agonist and Antagonist Properties
Endocrinology, July 1, 2008; 149(7): 3427 - 3434.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
Y. Mizutori, C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
The Thyrotropin Receptor Hinge Region Is Not Simply a Scaffold for the Leucine-Rich Domain but Contributes to Ligand Binding and Signal Transduction
Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2008; 22(5): 1171 - 1182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
O. Saitoh, N. Abiru, M. Nakahara, and Y. Nagayama
CD8+CD122+ T Cells, a Newly Identified Regulatory T Subset, Negatively Regulate Graves' Hyperthyroidism in a Murine Model
Endocrinology, December 1, 2007; 148(12): 6040 - 6046.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. M. McLachlan, Y. Nagayama, P. N. Pichurin, Y. Mizutori, C.-R. Chen, A. Misharin, H. A. Aliesky, and B. Rapoport
The Link between Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Role for Regulatory T Cells
Endocrinology, December 1, 2007; 148(12): 5724 - 5733.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
T. Ando, R. Latif, and T. F Davies
Antibody-induced modulation of TSH receptor post-translational processing
J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2007; 195(1): 179 - 186.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
R. Latif, T. Ando, and T. F. Davies
Lipid Rafts Are Triage Centers for Multimeric and Monomeric Thyrotropin Receptor Regulation
Endocrinology, July 1, 2007; 148(7): 3164 - 3175.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. Kaneda, A. Honda, A. Hakozaki, T. Fuse, A. Muto, and T. Yoshida
An Improved Graves' Disease Model Established by Using in Vivo Electroporation Exhibited Long-Term Immunity to Hyperthyroidism in BALB/c Mice
Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 2335 - 2344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Suppression of Thyrotropin Receptor Constitutive Activity by a Monoclonal Antibody with Inverse Agonist Activity
Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 2375 - 2382.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
N. G. Morgenthaler, S. C. Ho, and W. B. Minich
Stimulating and Blocking Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Receptor Autoantibodies from Patients with Graves' Disease and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism Have Very Similar Concentration, TSH Receptor Affinity, and Binding Sites
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 1058 - 1065.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Mol EndocrinolHome page
P. Nurwakagari, A. Breit, C. Hess, H. Salman-Livny, D. Ben-Menahem, and T. Gudermann
A conformational contribution of the luteinizing hormone-receptor ectodomain to receptor activation
J. Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2007; 38(2): 259 - 275.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
G. Kleinau, M. Brehm, U. Wiedemann, D. Labudde, U. Leser, and G. Krause
Implications for Molecular Mechanisms of Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors Using a New Sequence-Structure-Function Analysis Resource
Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2007; 21(2): 574 - 580.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
M. Bonomi, M. Busnelli, L. Persani, G. Vassart, and S. Costagliola
Structural Differences in the Hinge Region of the Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors: Evidence from the Sulfated Tyrosine Residues
Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2006; 20(12): 3351 - 3363.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Mueller, G. Kleinau, H. Jaeschke, S. Neumann, G. Krause, and R. Paschke
Significance of Ectodomain Cysteine Boxes 2 and 3 for the Activation Mechanism of the Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor
J. Biol. Chem., October 20, 2006; 281(42): 31638 - 31646.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. A. Gilbert, S. L. Kalled, J. Moorhead, D. M. Hess, P. Rennert, Z. Li, M. Z. Khan, and J. P. Banga
Treatment of Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism in a Murine Model of Graves' Disease with Tumor Necrosis Factor-Family Ligand Inhibitors Suggests a Key Role for B Cell Activating Factor in Disease Pathology
Endocrinology, October 1, 2006; 147(10): 4561 - 4568.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
O. F. Lai, N. Zaiden, S. S. Goh, N.-E. Mohamed, L. L. Seah, K. S. Fong, V. Estienne, P. Carayon, S. C. Ho, and D. H C Khoo
Detection of thyroid peroxidase mRNA and protein in orbital tissue.
Eur. J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 155(2): 213 - 218.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
O. Saitoh and Y. Nagayama
Regulation of Graves' Hyperthyroidism with Naturally Occurring CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in a Mouse Model
Endocrinology, May 1, 2006; 147(5): 2417 - 2422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. A. Gilbert, A. G. Gianoukakis, S. Salehi, J. Moorhead, P. V. Rao, M. Z. Khan, A. M. McGregor, T. J. Smith, and J. P. Banga
Monoclonal pathogenic antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor in Graves' disease with potent thyroid-stimulating activity but differential blocking activity activate multiple signaling pathways.
J. Immunol., April 15, 2006; 176(8): 5084 - 5092.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
H. Jaeschke, S. Neumann, G. Kleinau, S. Mueller, M. Claus, G. Krause, and R. Paschke
An Aromatic Environment in the Vicinity of Serine 281 Is a Structural Requirement for Thyrotropin Receptor Function
Endocrinology, April 1, 2006; 147(4): 1753 - 1760.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. De Leener, L. Montanelli, J. Van Durme, H. Chae, G. Smits, G. Vassart, and S. Costagliola
Presence and Absence of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Mutations Provide Some Insights into Spontaneous Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome Physiopathology
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2006; 91(2): 555 - 562.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. J. Land, P. Gudapati, M. H. Kaplan, and G. S. Seetharamaiah
Differential Requirement of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-4 (Stat4) and Stat6 in a Thyrotropin Receptor-289-Adenovirus-Induced Model of Graves' Hyperthyroidism
Endocrinology, January 1, 2006; 147(1): 111 - 119.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
P. N. Pichurin, C.-R. Chen, G. D. Chazenbalk, H. Aliesky, N. Pham, B. Rapoport, and S. M. McLachlan
Targeted Expression of the Human Thyrotropin Receptor A-Subunit to the Mouse Thyroid: Insight into Overcoming the Lack of Response to A-Subunit Adenovirus Immunization
J. Immunol., January 1, 2006; 176(1): 668 - 676.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. Claus, H. Jaeschke, G. Kleinau, S. Neumann, G. Krause, and R. Paschke
A Hydrophobic Cluster in the Center of the Third Extracellular Loop Is Important for Thyrotropin Receptor Signaling
Endocrinology, December 1, 2005; 146(12): 5197 - 5203.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
A. L. D. Riis, T. K. Hansen, S. Thiel, C. H. Gravholt, S. Gjedde, L. C. Gormsen, J. O. L. Jorgensen, J. Weeke, and N. Moller
Thyroid hormone increases mannan-binding lectin levels
Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2005; 153(5): 643 - 649.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
S. M. McLachlan, Y. Nagayama, and B. Rapoport
Insight into Graves' Hyperthyroidism from Animal Models
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2005; 26(6): 800 - 832.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. Ascoli
Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog: The Processing of the Intracellular Precursor of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (LHR) into the Mature Cell-Surface LHR Is a Regulated Process
Endocrinology, August 1, 2005; 146(8): 3221 - 3223.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
B. Karges, S. Gidenne, C. Aumas, F. Haddad, P. A. Kelly, E. Milgrom, and N. de Roux
Zero-Length Cross-Linking Reveals that Tight Interactions between the Extracellular and Transmembrane Domains of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Persist during Receptor Activation
Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2005; 19(8): 2086 - 2098.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
Y. Kubo, S. Sekiya, M. Ohigashi, C. Takenaka, K. Tamura, S. Nada, T. Nishi, A. Yamamoto, and A. Yamaguchi
ABCA5 Resides in Lysosomes, and ABCA5 Knockout Mice Develop Lysosomal Disease-Like Symptoms
Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2005; 25(10): 4138 - 4149.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
P. Agretti, G. De Marco, M. De Servi, C. Marcocci, P. Vitti, A. Pinchera, and M. Tonacchera
Evidence for protein and mRNA TSHr expression in fibroblasts from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) after adipocytic differentiation
Eur. J. Endocrinol., May 1, 2005; 152(5): 777 - 784.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
S. Neumann, M. Claus, and R. Paschke
Interactions between the extracellular domain and the extracellular loops as well as the 6th transmembrane domain are necessary for TSH receptor activation
Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2005; 152(4): 625 - 634.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. M. McLachlan, H. Braley-Mullen, C.-R. Chen, H. Aliesky, P. N. Pichurin, and B. Rapoport
Dissociation between Iodide-Induced Thyroiditis and Antibody-Mediated Hyperthyroidism in NOD.H-2h4 Mice
Endocrinology, January 1, 2005; 146(1): 294 - 300.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
G. Kleinau, H. Jaschke, S. Neumann, J. Lattig, R. Paschke, and G. Krause
Identification of a Novel Epitope in the Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor Ectodomain Acting as Intramolecular Signaling Interface
J. Biol. Chem., December 3, 2004; 279(49): 51590 - 51600.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
S. Costagliola, M. Bonomi, N. G. Morgenthaler, J. Van Durme, V. Panneels, S. Refetoff, and G. Vassart
Delineation of the Discontinuous-Conformational Epitope of a Monoclonal Antibody Displaying Full in Vitro and in Vivo Thyrotropin Activity
Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2004; 18(12): 3020 - 3034.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
R. Latif, T. Ando, and T. F. Davies
Monomerization as a Prerequisite for Intramolecular Cleavage and Shedding of the Thyrotropin Receptor
Endocrinology, December 1, 2004; 145(12): 5580 - 5588.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
P. N. Pichurin, G. D. Chazenbalk, H. Aliesky, O. Pichurina, B. Rapoport, and S. M. McLachlan
"Hijacking" the Thyrotropin Receptor: A Chimeric Receptor-Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein Enhances Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccination and Induces Graves' Hyperthyroidism
Endocrinology, December 1, 2004; 145(12): 5504 - 5514.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. Ando, R. Latif, S. Daniel, K. Eguchi, and T. F. Davies
Dissecting Linear and Conformational Epitopes on the Native Thyrotropin Receptor
Endocrinology, November 1, 2004; 145(11): 5185 - 5193.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
Y. Nagayama, S. M. McLachlan, B. Rapoport, and K. Oishi
Graves' Hyperthyroidism and the Hygiene Hypothesis in a Mouse Model
Endocrinology, November 1, 2004; 145(11): 5075 - 5079.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. R. Moyle, Y. Xing, W. Lin, D. Cao, R. V. Myers, J. E. Kerrigan, and M. P. Bernard
Model of Glycoprotein Hormone Receptor Ligand Binding and Signaling
J. Biol. Chem., October 22, 2004; 279(43): 44442 - 44459.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Latrofa, G. D. Chazenbalk, P. Pichurin, C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Affinity-Enrichment of Thyrotropin Receptor Autoantibodies from Graves' Patients and Normal Individuals Provides Insight into Their Properties and Possible Origin from Natural Antibodies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4734 - 4745.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. De Felice, M. P. Postiglione, and R. Di Lauro
Minireview: Thyrotropin Receptor Signaling in Development and Differentiation of the Thyroid Gland: Insights from Mouse Models and Human Diseases
Endocrinology, September 1, 2004; 145(9): 4062 - 4067.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
N. R. Farid and M. W. Szkudlinski
Minireview: Structural and Functional Evolution of the Thyrotropin Receptor
Endocrinology, September 1, 2004; 145(9): 4048 - 4057.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. J. Land, J. S. Moll, M. H. Kaplan, and G. S. Seetharamaiah
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)-6-Dependent, But Not Stat4-Dependent, Immunity Is Required for the Development of Autoimmunity in Graves' Hyperthyroidism
Endocrinology, August 1, 2004; 145(8): 3724 - 3730.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Nagayama, K. Watanabe, M. Niwa, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Schistosoma mansoni and {alpha}-Galactosylceramide: Prophylactic Effect of Th1 Immune Suppression in a Mouse Model of Graves' Hyperthyroidism
J. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 173(3): 2167 - 2173.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. D. Chazenbalk, F. Latrofa, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Thyroid Stimulation Does Not Require Antibodies with Identical Epitopes But Does Involve Recognition of a Critical Conformation at the N Terminus of the Thyrotropin Receptor A-Subunit
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1788 - 1793.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. Muehlberg, J. A. Gilbert, P. V. Rao, A. M. McGregor, and J. P. Banga
Dynamics of Thyroid-Stimulating and -Blocking Antibodies to the Thyrotropin Receptor in a Murine Model of Graves' Disease
Endocrinology, April 1, 2004; 145(4): 1539 - 1545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
H. P. Ng, J. Paul Banga, and A. W. C. Kung
Development of a Murine Model of Autoimmune Thyroiditis Induced with Homologous Mouse Thyroid Peroxidase
Endocrinology, February 1, 2004; 145(2): 809 - 816.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
W. B. Minich, C. Lenzner, A. Bergmann, and N. G. Morgenthaler
A Coated Tube Assay for the Detection of Blocking Thyrotropin Receptor Autoantibodies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2004; 89(1): 352 - 356.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
G. D. Chazenbalk, C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Does Thyrotropin Cleave Its Cognate Receptor?
Endocrinology, January 1, 2004; 145(1): 4 - 10.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. Van Sande, M. J. Costa, C. Massart, S. Swillens, S. Costagliola, J. Orgiazzi, and J. E. Dumont
Kinetics of Thyrotropin-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Thyroid-Stimulating Antibody Binding and Action on the TSH Receptor in Intact TSH Receptor-Expressing CHO Cells
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5366 - 5374.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
Y. Tomer and T. F. Davies
Searching for the Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Susceptibility Genes: From Gene Mapping to Gene Function
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2003; 24(5): 694 - 717.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
D. Fuhrer, M. D. Lewis, F. Alkhafaji, K. Starkey, R. Paschke, D. Wynford-Thomas, M. Eggo, and M. Ludgate
Biological Activity of Activating Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Mutants Depends on the Cellular Context
Endocrinology, September 1, 2003; 144(9): 4018 - 4030.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
I. Ciullo, R. Latif, P. Graves, and T. F. Davies
Functional Assessment of the Thyrotropin Receptor-{beta} Subunit
Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 3176 - 3181.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. S. Bahn
Pathophysiology of Graves' Ophthalmopathy: The Cycle of Disease
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2003; 88(5): 1939 - 1946.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
L. Schwarz-Lauer, P. N. Pichurin, C.-R. Chen, Y. Nagayama, C. Paras, J. C. Morris, B. Rapoport, and S. M. McLachlan
The Cysteine-Rich Amino Terminus of the Thyrotropin Receptor Is the Immunodominant Linear Antibody Epitope in Mice Immunized Using Naked Deoxyribonucleic Acid or Adenovirus Vectors
Endocrinology, May 1, 2003; 144(5): 1718 - 1725.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. H. Na, M. H. Lee, B. Y. Cho, and C.-B. Chae
A Method for Identification of the Peptides That Bind to a Clone of Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies in the Serum of Graves' Disease Patients
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2003; 88(4): 1570 - 1576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Nagayama, H. Mizuguchi, T. Hayakawa, M. Niwa, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Prevention of Autoantibody-Mediated Graves'-Like Hyperthyroidism in Mice with IL-4, a Th2 Cytokine
J. Immunol., April 1, 2003; 170(7): 3522 - 3527.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CMAJHome page
J. Ginsberg
Diagnosis and management of Graves' disease
Can. Med. Assoc. J., March 4, 2003; 168(5): 575 - 585.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T. Y. Kim, Y. J. Park, D. J. Park, H.-K. Chung, W. B. Kim, L. D. Kohn, and B. Y. Cho
Epitope Heterogeneity of Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies Predicts Long-Term Outcome in Graves' Patients Treated with Antithyroid Drugs
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 117 - 124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
P. V. Rao, P. F. Watson, A. P. Weetman, G. Carayanniotis, and J. P. Banga
Contrasting Activities of Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies in Experimental Models of Graves' Disease Induced by Injection of Transfected Fibroblasts or Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccination
Endocrinology, January 1, 2003; 144(1): 260 - 266.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. Latif, P. Graves, and T. F. Davies
Ligand-dependent Inhibition of Oligomerization at the Human Thyrotropin Receptor
J. Biol. Chem., November 15, 2002; 277(47): 45059 - 45067.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
M. Ascoli, F. Fanelli, and D. L. Segaloff
The Lutropin/Choriogonadotropin Receptor, A 2002 Perspective
Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2002; 23(2): 141 - 174.