help button home button Endocrine Society Endocrine Reviews
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Rapoport, B.
Right arrow Articles by McLachlan, S. M.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Rapoport, B.
Right arrow Articles by McLachlan, S. M.
Right arrowPubmed/NCBI databases
*Substance via MeSH
Endocrine Reviews 19 (6): 673-716
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

The Thyrotropin (TSH)-Releasing Hormone Receptor: Interaction with TSH and Autoantibodies1

Basil Rapoport, Gregorio D. Chazenbalk, Juan Carlos Jaume2 and Sandra M. McLachlan

Autoimmune Disease Unit, Burns and Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, and the University of California, Los Angeles, California 90048

I. Introduction
II. TSHR Ectodomain Structure
A. Primary amino acid structure
B. Subunit structure
C. Disulfide bonds in the TSHR ectodomain
D. Carbohydrate moieties in the TSHR ectodomain
E. TSHR dimerization
III. Recombinant TSHR Expression
A. Approaches to TSHR expression
B. TSHR expression in prokaryotes
C. TSHR expression as cell-free translates or as synthetic peptides
D. TSHR expression in eukaryotic insect cells
E. TSHR expression in mammalian cells
IV. TSH and Autoantibody Binding to the TSHR Ectodomain
A. Holoreceptor vs. ectodomain
B. Conformational nature of binding sites
C. TSHR carbohydrate: part of the binding site?
D. TSHR amino acid residues in TSH-binding site
E. Autoantibody epitopes
V. TSHR Autoantibody Assays
A. Historical background
B. In vivo and in vitro bioassays
C. Indirect TBI assays
D. Direct assays for TSHR autoantibodies
E. Confusion on the terminology and types of TSHR autoantibodies
VI. Monoclonal Autoantibodies to the TSHR Ectodomain
A. Introduction
B. Mouse TSHR mAb
C. Human monoclonal TSHR autoantibodies
D. Interpretation of the data on human TSHR-specific mAbs
E. Why is the subject of TSHR mAbs controversial?
F. Source of B cells used to obtain human TSHR monoclonal antibodies
VII. T Cell Epitopes
A. Background
B. Approaches to studying T cell responses
C. TSHR synthetic peptides
D. Endogenous antigen processing
E. TSHR-specific T cell receptor genes and cytokine production
F. Summary
VIII. Molecular Mimicry
IX. Animal Models of Graves’ Disease
A. Immunization with soluble TSHR antigen and adjuvant
B. Genetic immunization
C. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model of Graves’ disease
D. Immunization with live syngeneic fibroblasts expressing the TSHR and class II molecules
X. Ectodomain Mutations and Polymorphisms
A. Spontaneous ectodomain mutations leading to enhanced TSHR function
B. Spontaneous ectodomain mutations leading to decreased TSHR function
C. Nonfunctional polymorphisms in the TSHR ectodomain
D. TSHR ectodomain splice variants
XI. Extrathyroidal Manifestations of Graves’ Disease




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
S. Ayturk, A. Gursoy, A. Kut, C. Anil, A. Nar, and N. B. Tutuncu
Metabolic syndrome and its components are associated with increased thyroid volume and nodule prevalence in a mild-to-moderate iodine-deficient area
Eur. J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2009; 161(4): 599 - 605.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
M. Rivas, B. Mellstrom, B. Torres, G. Cali, A. M. Ferrara, D. Terracciano, M. Zannini, G. Morreale de Escobar, and J. R. Naranjo
The DREAM Protein Is Associated with Thyroid Enlargement and Nodular Development
Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2009; 23(6): 862 - 870.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Mol EndocrinolHome page
R Nunez Miguel, J Sanders, D Y Chirgadze, J Furmaniak, and B Rees Smith
Thyroid stimulating autoantibody M22 mimics TSH binding to the TSH receptor leucine rich domain: a comparative structural study of protein-protein interactions
J. Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2009; 42(5): 381 - 395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
G. Kleinau and G. Krause
Thyrotropin and Homologous Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors: Structural and Functional Aspects of Extracellular Signaling Mechanisms
Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2009; 30(2): 133 - 151.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. A. Morshed, R. Latif, and T. F. Davies
Characterization of Thyrotropin Receptor Antibody-Induced Signaling Cascades
Endocrinology, January 1, 2009; 150(1): 519 - 529.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
K. A Heemstra, R. E Toes, J. Sepers, A. M Pereira, E. P Corssmit, T. W J Huizinga, J. A Romijn, and J. W Smit
Rituximab in relapsing Graves' disease, a phase II study
Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2008; 159(5): 609 - 615.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Mol EndocrinolHome page
R Nunez Miguel, J Sanders, D Y Chirgadze, T L Blundell, J Furmaniak, and B Rees Smith
FSH and TSH binding to their respective receptors: similarities, differences and implication for glycoprotein hormone specificity
J. Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2008; 41(3): 145 - 164.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 FASEB J.Home page
G. Kleinau, H. Jaeschke, S. Mueller, B. M. Raaka, S. Neumann, R. Paschke, and G. Krause
Evidence for cooperative signal triggering at the extracellular loops of the TSH receptor
FASEB J, August 1, 2008; 22(8): 2798 - 2808.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Identification of Key Amino Acid Residues in a Thyrotropin Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Epitope Provides Insight into Its Inverse Agonist and Antagonist Properties
Endocrinology, July 1, 2008; 149(7): 3427 - 3434.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
Y. Mizutori, C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
The Thyrotropin Receptor Hinge Region Is Not Simply a Scaffold for the Leucine-Rich Domain but Contributes to Ligand Binding and Signal Transduction
Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2008; 22(5): 1171 - 1182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
O. Saitoh, N. Abiru, M. Nakahara, and Y. Nagayama
CD8+CD122+ T Cells, a Newly Identified Regulatory T Subset, Negatively Regulate Graves' Hyperthyroidism in a Murine Model
Endocrinology, December 1, 2007; 148(12): 6040 - 6046.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. M. McLachlan, Y. Nagayama, P. N. Pichurin, Y. Mizutori, C.-R. Chen, A. Misharin, H. A. Aliesky, and B. Rapoport
The Link between Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Role for Regulatory T Cells
Endocrinology, December 1, 2007; 148(12): 5724 - 5733.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
T. Ando, R. Latif, and T. F Davies
Antibody-induced modulation of TSH receptor post-translational processing
J. Endocrinol., October 1, 2007; 195(1): 179 - 186.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
R. Latif, T. Ando, and T. F. Davies
Lipid Rafts Are Triage Centers for Multimeric and Monomeric Thyrotropin Receptor Regulation
Endocrinology, July 1, 2007; 148(7): 3164 - 3175.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. Kaneda, A. Honda, A. Hakozaki, T. Fuse, A. Muto, and T. Yoshida
An Improved Graves' Disease Model Established by Using in Vivo Electroporation Exhibited Long-Term Immunity to Hyperthyroidism in BALB/c Mice
Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 2335 - 2344.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Suppression of Thyrotropin Receptor Constitutive Activity by a Monoclonal Antibody with Inverse Agonist Activity
Endocrinology, May 1, 2007; 148(5): 2375 - 2382.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
N. G. Morgenthaler, S. C. Ho, and W. B. Minich
Stimulating and Blocking Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Receptor Autoantibodies from Patients with Graves' Disease and Autoimmune Hypothyroidism Have Very Similar Concentration, TSH Receptor Affinity, and Binding Sites
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2007; 92(3): 1058 - 1065.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Mol EndocrinolHome page
P. Nurwakagari, A. Breit, C. Hess, H. Salman-Livny, D. Ben-Menahem, and T. Gudermann
A conformational contribution of the luteinizing hormone-receptor ectodomain to receptor activation
J. Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2007; 38(2): 259 - 275.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
G. Kleinau, M. Brehm, U. Wiedemann, D. Labudde, U. Leser, and G. Krause
Implications for Molecular Mechanisms of Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors Using a New Sequence-Structure-Function Analysis Resource
Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2007; 21(2): 574 - 580.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
M. Bonomi, M. Busnelli, L. Persani, G. Vassart, and S. Costagliola
Structural Differences in the Hinge Region of the Glycoprotein Hormone Receptors: Evidence from the Sulfated Tyrosine Residues
Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2006; 20(12): 3351 - 3363.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Mueller, G. Kleinau, H. Jaeschke, S. Neumann, G. Krause, and R. Paschke
Significance of Ectodomain Cysteine Boxes 2 and 3 for the Activation Mechanism of the Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor
J. Biol. Chem., October 20, 2006; 281(42): 31638 - 31646.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. A. Gilbert, S. L. Kalled, J. Moorhead, D. M. Hess, P. Rennert, Z. Li, M. Z. Khan, and J. P. Banga
Treatment of Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism in a Murine Model of Graves' Disease with Tumor Necrosis Factor-Family Ligand Inhibitors Suggests a Key Role for B Cell Activating Factor in Disease Pathology
Endocrinology, October 1, 2006; 147(10): 4561 - 4568.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
O. F. Lai, N. Zaiden, S. S. Goh, N.-E. Mohamed, L. L. Seah, K. S. Fong, V. Estienne, P. Carayon, S. C. Ho, and D. H C Khoo
Detection of thyroid peroxidase mRNA and protein in orbital tissue.
Eur. J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 155(2): 213 - 218.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
O. Saitoh and Y. Nagayama
Regulation of Graves' Hyperthyroidism with Naturally Occurring CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in a Mouse Model
Endocrinology, May 1, 2006; 147(5): 2417 - 2422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
J. A. Gilbert, A. G. Gianoukakis, S. Salehi, J. Moorhead, P. V. Rao, M. Z. Khan, A. M. McGregor, T. J. Smith, and J. P. Banga
Monoclonal pathogenic antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor in Graves' disease with potent thyroid-stimulating activity but differential blocking activity activate multiple signaling pathways.
J. Immunol., April 15, 2006; 176(8): 5084 - 5092.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
H. Jaeschke, S. Neumann, G. Kleinau, S. Mueller, M. Claus, G. Krause, and R. Paschke
An Aromatic Environment in the Vicinity of Serine 281 Is a Structural Requirement for Thyrotropin Receptor Function
Endocrinology, April 1, 2006; 147(4): 1753 - 1760.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. De Leener, L. Montanelli, J. Van Durme, H. Chae, G. Smits, G. Vassart, and S. Costagliola
Presence and Absence of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Mutations Provide Some Insights into Spontaneous Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome Physiopathology
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2006; 91(2): 555 - 562.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. J. Land, P. Gudapati, M. H. Kaplan, and G. S. Seetharamaiah
Differential Requirement of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-4 (Stat4) and Stat6 in a Thyrotropin Receptor-289-Adenovirus-Induced Model of Graves' Hyperthyroidism
Endocrinology, January 1, 2006; 147(1): 111 - 119.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
P. N. Pichurin, C.-R. Chen, G. D. Chazenbalk, H. Aliesky, N. Pham, B. Rapoport, and S. M. McLachlan
Targeted Expression of the Human Thyrotropin Receptor A-Subunit to the Mouse Thyroid: Insight into Overcoming the Lack of Response to A-Subunit Adenovirus Immunization
J. Immunol., January 1, 2006; 176(1): 668 - 676.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. Claus, H. Jaeschke, G. Kleinau, S. Neumann, G. Krause, and R. Paschke
A Hydrophobic Cluster in the Center of the Third Extracellular Loop Is Important for Thyrotropin Receptor Signaling
Endocrinology, December 1, 2005; 146(12): 5197 - 5203.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
A. L. D. Riis, T. K. Hansen, S. Thiel, C. H. Gravholt, S. Gjedde, L. C. Gormsen, J. O. L. Jorgensen, J. Weeke, and N. Moller
Thyroid hormone increases mannan-binding lectin levels
Eur. J. Endocrinol., November 1, 2005; 153(5): 643 - 649.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
S. M. McLachlan, Y. Nagayama, and B. Rapoport
Insight into Graves' Hyperthyroidism from Animal Models
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2005; 26(6): 800 - 832.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. Ascoli
Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog: The Processing of the Intracellular Precursor of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (LHR) into the Mature Cell-Surface LHR Is a Regulated Process
Endocrinology, August 1, 2005; 146(8): 3221 - 3223.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
B. Karges, S. Gidenne, C. Aumas, F. Haddad, P. A. Kelly, E. Milgrom, and N. de Roux
Zero-Length Cross-Linking Reveals that Tight Interactions between the Extracellular and Transmembrane Domains of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Persist during Receptor Activation
Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2005; 19(8): 2086 - 2098.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
Y. Kubo, S. Sekiya, M. Ohigashi, C. Takenaka, K. Tamura, S. Nada, T. Nishi, A. Yamamoto, and A. Yamaguchi
ABCA5 Resides in Lysosomes, and ABCA5 Knockout Mice Develop Lysosomal Disease-Like Symptoms
Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2005; 25(10): 4138 - 4149.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
P. Agretti, G. De Marco, M. De Servi, C. Marcocci, P. Vitti, A. Pinchera, and M. Tonacchera
Evidence for protein and mRNA TSHr expression in fibroblasts from patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) after adipocytic differentiation
Eur. J. Endocrinol., May 1, 2005; 152(5): 777 - 784.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
S. Neumann, M. Claus, and R. Paschke
Interactions between the extracellular domain and the extracellular loops as well as the 6th transmembrane domain are necessary for TSH receptor activation
Eur. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2005; 152(4): 625 - 634.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. M. McLachlan, H. Braley-Mullen, C.-R. Chen, H. Aliesky, P. N. Pichurin, and B. Rapoport
Dissociation between Iodide-Induced Thyroiditis and Antibody-Mediated Hyperthyroidism in NOD.H-2h4 Mice
Endocrinology, January 1, 2005; 146(1): 294 - 300.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
G. Kleinau, H. Jaschke, S. Neumann, J. Lattig, R. Paschke, and G. Krause
Identification of a Novel Epitope in the Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor Ectodomain Acting as Intramolecular Signaling Interface
J. Biol. Chem., December 3, 2004; 279(49): 51590 - 51600.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
S. Costagliola, M. Bonomi, N. G. Morgenthaler, J. Van Durme, V. Panneels, S. Refetoff, and G. Vassart
Delineation of the Discontinuous-Conformational Epitope of a Monoclonal Antibody Displaying Full in Vitro and in Vivo Thyrotropin Activity
Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2004; 18(12): 3020 - 3034.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
R. Latif, T. Ando, and T. F. Davies
Monomerization as a Prerequisite for Intramolecular Cleavage and Shedding of the Thyrotropin Receptor
Endocrinology, December 1, 2004; 145(12): 5580 - 5588.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
P. N. Pichurin, G. D. Chazenbalk, H. Aliesky, O. Pichurina, B. Rapoport, and S. M. McLachlan
"Hijacking" the Thyrotropin Receptor: A Chimeric Receptor-Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein Enhances Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccination and Induces Graves' Hyperthyroidism
Endocrinology, December 1, 2004; 145(12): 5504 - 5514.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. Ando, R. Latif, S. Daniel, K. Eguchi, and T. F. Davies
Dissecting Linear and Conformational Epitopes on the Native Thyrotropin Receptor
Endocrinology, November 1, 2004; 145(11): 5185 - 5193.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
Y. Nagayama, S. M. McLachlan, B. Rapoport, and K. Oishi
Graves' Hyperthyroidism and the Hygiene Hypothesis in a Mouse Model
Endocrinology, November 1, 2004; 145(11): 5075 - 5079.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
W. R. Moyle, Y. Xing, W. Lin, D. Cao, R. V. Myers, J. E. Kerrigan, and M. P. Bernard
Model of Glycoprotein Hormone Receptor Ligand Binding and Signaling
J. Biol. Chem., October 22, 2004; 279(43): 44442 - 44459.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. Latrofa, G. D. Chazenbalk, P. Pichurin, C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Affinity-Enrichment of Thyrotropin Receptor Autoantibodies from Graves' Patients and Normal Individuals Provides Insight into Their Properties and Possible Origin from Natural Antibodies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2004; 89(9): 4734 - 4745.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
M. De Felice, M. P. Postiglione, and R. Di Lauro
Minireview: Thyrotropin Receptor Signaling in Development and Differentiation of the Thyroid Gland: Insights from Mouse Models and Human Diseases
Endocrinology, September 1, 2004; 145(9): 4062 - 4067.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
N. R. Farid and M. W. Szkudlinski
Minireview: Structural and Functional Evolution of the Thyrotropin Receptor
Endocrinology, September 1, 2004; 145(9): 4048 - 4057.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. J. Land, J. S. Moll, M. H. Kaplan, and G. S. Seetharamaiah
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)-6-Dependent, But Not Stat4-Dependent, Immunity Is Required for the Development of Autoimmunity in Graves' Hyperthyroidism
Endocrinology, August 1, 2004; 145(8): 3724 - 3730.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Nagayama, K. Watanabe, M. Niwa, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Schistosoma mansoni and {alpha}-Galactosylceramide: Prophylactic Effect of Th1 Immune Suppression in a Mouse Model of Graves' Hyperthyroidism
J. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 173(3): 2167 - 2173.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. D. Chazenbalk, F. Latrofa, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Thyroid Stimulation Does Not Require Antibodies with Identical Epitopes But Does Involve Recognition of a Critical Conformation at the N Terminus of the Thyrotropin Receptor A-Subunit
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1788 - 1793.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
T. Muehlberg, J. A. Gilbert, P. V. Rao, A. M. McGregor, and J. P. Banga
Dynamics of Thyroid-Stimulating and -Blocking Antibodies to the Thyrotropin Receptor in a Murine Model of Graves' Disease
Endocrinology, April 1, 2004; 145(4): 1539 - 1545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
H. P. Ng, J. Paul Banga, and A. W. C. Kung
Development of a Murine Model of Autoimmune Thyroiditis Induced with Homologous Mouse Thyroid Peroxidase
Endocrinology, February 1, 2004; 145(2): 809 - 816.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
W. B. Minich, C. Lenzner, A. Bergmann, and N. G. Morgenthaler
A Coated Tube Assay for the Detection of Blocking Thyrotropin Receptor Autoantibodies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2004; 89(1): 352 - 356.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
G. D. Chazenbalk, C.-R. Chen, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Does Thyrotropin Cleave Its Cognate Receptor?
Endocrinology, January 1, 2004; 145(1): 4 - 10.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. Van Sande, M. J. Costa, C. Massart, S. Swillens, S. Costagliola, J. Orgiazzi, and J. E. Dumont
Kinetics of Thyrotropin-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Thyroid-Stimulating Antibody Binding and Action on the TSH Receptor in Intact TSH Receptor-Expressing CHO Cells
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5366 - 5374.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
Y. Tomer and T. F. Davies
Searching for the Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Susceptibility Genes: From Gene Mapping to Gene Function
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2003; 24(5): 694 - 717.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
D. Fuhrer, M. D. Lewis, F. Alkhafaji, K. Starkey, R. Paschke, D. Wynford-Thomas, M. Eggo, and M. Ludgate
Biological Activity of Activating Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Mutants Depends on the Cellular Context
Endocrinology, September 1, 2003; 144(9): 4018 - 4030.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
I. Ciullo, R. Latif, P. Graves, and T. F. Davies
Functional Assessment of the Thyrotropin Receptor-{beta} Subunit
Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 3176 - 3181.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
R. S. Bahn
Pathophysiology of Graves' Ophthalmopathy: The Cycle of Disease
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2003; 88(5): 1939 - 1946.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
L. Schwarz-Lauer, P. N. Pichurin, C.-R. Chen, Y. Nagayama, C. Paras, J. C. Morris, B. Rapoport, and S. M. McLachlan
The Cysteine-Rich Amino Terminus of the Thyrotropin Receptor Is the Immunodominant Linear Antibody Epitope in Mice Immunized Using Naked Deoxyribonucleic Acid or Adenovirus Vectors
Endocrinology, May 1, 2003; 144(5): 1718 - 1725.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
C. H. Na, M. H. Lee, B. Y. Cho, and C.-B. Chae
A Method for Identification of the Peptides That Bind to a Clone of Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies in the Serum of Graves' Disease Patients
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2003; 88(4): 1570 - 1576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Nagayama, H. Mizuguchi, T. Hayakawa, M. Niwa, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Prevention of Autoantibody-Mediated Graves'-Like Hyperthyroidism in Mice with IL-4, a Th2 Cytokine
J. Immunol., April 1, 2003; 170(7): 3522 - 3527.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 CMAJHome page
J. Ginsberg
Diagnosis and management of Graves' disease
Can. Med. Assoc. J., March 4, 2003; 168(5): 575 - 585.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T. Y. Kim, Y. J. Park, D. J. Park, H.-K. Chung, W. B. Kim, L. D. Kohn, and B. Y. Cho
Epitope Heterogeneity of Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies Predicts Long-Term Outcome in Graves' Patients Treated with Antithyroid Drugs
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 117 - 124.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
P. V. Rao, P. F. Watson, A. P. Weetman, G. Carayanniotis, and J. P. Banga
Contrasting Activities of Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies in Experimental Models of Graves' Disease Induced by Injection of Transfected Fibroblasts or Deoxyribonucleic Acid Vaccination
Endocrinology, January 1, 2003; 144(1): 260 - 266.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. Latif, P. Graves, and T. F. Davies
Ligand-dependent Inhibition of Oligomerization at the Human Thyrotropin Receptor
J. Biol. Chem., November 15, 2002; 277(47): 45059 - 45067.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Endocr. Rev.Home page
M. Ascoli, F. Fanelli, and D. L. Segaloff
The Lutropin/Choriogonadotropin Receptor, A 2002 Perspective
Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2002; 23(2): 141 - 174.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
G. Smits, C. Govaerts, I. Nubourgh, L. Pardo, G. Vassart, and S. Costagliola
Lysine 183 and Glutamic Acid 157 of the TSH Receptor: Two Interacting Residues with a Key Role in Determining Specificity toward TSH and Human CG
Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2002; 16(4): 722 - 735.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
V. Vlaeminck-Guillem, S.-C. Ho, P. Rodien, G. Vassart, and S. Costagliola
Activation of the cAMP Pathway by the TSH Receptor Involves Switching of the Ectodomain from a Tethered Inverse Agonist to an Agonist
Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2002; 16(4): 736 - 746.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. Rev.Home page
M. W. Szkudlinski, V. Fremont, C. Ronin, and B. D. Weintraub
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Structure-Function Relationships
Physiol Rev, April 1, 2002; 82(2): 473 - 502.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Nagayama, M. Kita-Furuyama, T. Ando, K. Nakao, H. Mizuguchi, T. Hayakawa, K. Eguchi, and M. Niwa
A Novel Murine Model of Graves' Hyperthyroidism with Intramuscular Injection of Adenovirus Expressing the Thyrotropin Receptor
J. Immunol., March 15, 2002; 168(6): 2789 - 2794.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
M. P. Armengol, M. Juan, A. Lucas-Martin, M. T. Fernandez-Figueras, D. Jaraquemada, T. Gallart, and R. Pujol-Borrell
Thyroid Autoimmune Disease : Demonstration of Thyroid Antigen-Specific B Cells and Recombination-Activating Gene Expression in Chemokine-Containing Active Intrathyroidal Germinal Centers
Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2001; 159(3): 861 - 873.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
P. Pichurin, X.-M. Yan, L. Farilla, J. Guo, G. D. Chazenbalk, B. Rapoport, and S. M. McLachlan
Naked TSH Receptor DNA Vaccination: A TH1 T Cell Response in Which Interferon-{gamma} Production, Rather than Antibody, Dominates the Immune Response in Mice
Endocrinology, August 1, 2001; 142(8): 3530 - 3536.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. D. Chazenbalk, S. M. McLachlan, P. Pichurin, X.-M. Yan, and B. Rapoport
A Prion-Like Shift between Two Conformational Forms of a Recombinant Thyrotropin Receptor A-Subunit Module: Purification and Stabilization Using Chemical Chaperones of the Form Reactive with Graves' Autoantibodies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1287 - 1293.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. Russo, C. Betterle, F. Arturi, E. Chiefari, M. E. Girelli, and S. Filetti
A Novel Mutation in the Thyrotropin (TSH) Receptor Gene Causing Loss of TSH Binding But Constitutive Receptor Activation in a Family with Resistance to TSH
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2000; 85(11): 4238 - 4242.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 NEJMHome page
A. P. Weetman
Graves' Disease
N. Engl. J. Med., October 26, 2000; 343(17): 1236 - 1248.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
Y. Nagayama, E. Nishihara, H. Namba, S. Yamashita, and M. Niwa
Identification of the Sites of Asparagine-Linked Glycosylation on the Human Thyrotropin Receptor and Studies on Their Role in Receptor Function and Expression
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., October 1, 2000; 295(1): 404 - 409.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
K. Tanaka, G. D. Chazenbalk, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Evidence that Cleavage of the Thyrotropin Receptor Involves a "Molecular Ruler" Mechanism: Deletion of Amino Acid Residues 305-320 Causes a Spatial Shift in Cleavage Site 1 Independent of Amino Acid Motif
Endocrinology, October 1, 2000; 141(10): 3573 - 3577.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
Y.-X. Tao, A. N. Abell, X. Liu, K. Nakamura, and D. L. Segaloff
Constitutive Activation of G Protein-Coupled Receptors as a Result of Selective Substitution of a Conserved Leucine Residue in Transmembrane Helix III
Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2000; 14(8): 1272 - 1282.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
T. Akamizu, L. D. Kohn, H. Hiratani, M. Saijo, K. Tahara, and K. Nakao
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis with Heterogeneous Antithyrotropin Receptor Antibodies: Unique Epitopes May Contribute to the Regulation of Thyroid Function by the Antibodies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2000; 85(6): 2116 - 2121.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
J. Chung, E. S. Park, D. Kim, J. M. Suh, H. K. Chung, J. Kim, H. Kim, S. J. Park, O-Y. Kwon, H. K. Ro, et al.
Thyrotropin Modulates Interferon-{gamma}-Mediated Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Gene Expression by Inhibiting Janus Kinase-1 and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-1 Activation in Thyroid Cells
Endocrinology, June 1, 2000; 141(6): 2090 - 2097.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
E. S. Park, H. Kim, J. M. Suh, S. J. Park, S. H. You, H. K. Chung, K. W. Lee, O-Y. Kwon, B. Y. Cho, Y. K. Kim, et al.
Involvement of JAK/STAT (Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) in the Thyrotropin Signaling Pathway
Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2000; 14(5): 662 - 670.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 Clin. Chem.Home page
J. Bolton, J. Sanders, Y. Oda, C. Chapman, R. Konno, J. Furmaniak, and B. Rees Smith
Measurement of Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor Autoantibodies by ELISA
Clin. Chem., December 1, 1999; 45(12): 2285 - 2287.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Tanaka, G. D. Chazenbalk, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Subunit Structure of Thyrotropin Receptors Expressed on the Cell Surface
J. Biol. Chem., November 26, 1999; 274(48): 33979 - 33984.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. Sanders, Y. Oda, S. Roberts, A. Kiddie, T. Richards, J. Bolton, V. McGrath, S. Walters, D. Jaskolski, J. Furmaniak, et al.
The Interaction of TSH Receptor Autoantibodies with 125I-Labelled TSH Receptor
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1999; 84(10): 3797 - 3802.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. Devos, C. Rodd, N. Gagné, R. Laframboise, and G. Van Vliet
A Search for the Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Thyroid Dysgenesis: Sex Ratios and Associated Malformations
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1999; 84(7): 2502 - 2506.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. C. Jaume, J. Guo, Y. Wang, B. Rapoport, and S. M. McLachlan
Cellular Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO), Unlike Purified TPO and Adjuvant, Induces Antibodies in Mice That Resemble Autoantibodies in Human Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 1999; 84(5): 1651 - 1657.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. C. Jaume, J. Guo, D. L. Pauls, M. Zakarija, J. M. McKenzie, J. A. Egeland, C. L. Burek, N. R. Rose, W. H. Hoffman, B. Rapoport, et al.
Evidence for Genetic Transmission of Thyroid Peroxidase Autoantibody Epitopic "Fingerprints"
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1999; 84(4): 1424 - 1431.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. D. Chazenbalk, Y. Wang, J. Guo, J. S. Hutchison, D. Segal, J. C. Jaume, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
A Mouse Monoclonal Antibody to a Thyrotropin Receptor Ectodomain Variant Provides Insight into the Exquisite Antigenic Conformational Requirement, Epitopes and in Vivo Concentration of Human Autoantibodies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1999; 84(2): 702 - 710.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Tanaka, G. D. Chazenbalk, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
Thyrotropin Receptor Cleavage at Site 1 Involves Two Discontinuous Segments at Each End of the Unique 50-Amino Acid Insertion
J. Biol. Chem., January 22, 1999; 274(4): 2093 - 2096.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
H. Kishi and M. Ascoli
Multiple Distant Amino Acid Residues Present in the Serpentine Region of the Follitropin Receptor Modulate the Rate of Agonist-induced Internalization
J. Biol. Chem., September 29, 2000; 275(40): 31030 - 31037.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
K. Nakabayashi, M. Kudo, B. Kobilka, and A. J. W. Hsueh
Activation of the Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Following Substitution of Ser-277 with Selective Hydrophobic Residues in the Ectodomain Hinge Region
J. Biol. Chem., September 22, 2000; 275(39): 30264 - 30271.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
C.-R. Chen, K. Tanaka, G. D. Chazenbalk, S. M. McLachlan, and B. Rapoport
A Full Biological Response to Autoantibodies in Graves' Disease Requires a Disulfide-bonded Loop in the Thyrotropin Receptor N Terminus Homologous to a Laminin Epidermal Growth Factor-like Domain
J. Biol. Chem., April 27, 2001; 276(18): 14767 - 14772.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. Li, X. Liu, L. Min, and M. Ascoli
Mutations of the Second Extracellular Loop of the Human Lutropin Receptor Emphasize the Importance of Receptor Activation and De-emphasize the Importance of Receptor Phosphorylation in Agonist-induced Internalization
J. Biol. Chem., March 9, 2001; 276(11): 7968 - 7973.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. Latif, P. Graves, and T. F. Davies
Oligomerization of the Human Thyrotropin Receptor. FLUORESCENT PROTEIN-TAGGED hTSHR REVEALS POST-TRANSLATIONAL COMPLEXES
J. Biol. Chem., November 21, 2001; 276(48): 45217 - 45224.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endocrinology Endocrine Reviews J. Clin. End. & Metab.
Molecular Endocrinology Recent Prog. Horm. Res. All Endocrine Journals
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society