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Endocrine Reviews 19 (5): 647-672
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

The Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome and Pseudo-Cushing’s States

John Newell-Price1, Peter Trainer, Michael Besser and Ashley Grossman

Department of Endocrinology, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, West Smithfield, London, EC1A 7BE, United Kingdom

I. Introduction
II. Definitions and Etiology
III. Diagnostic Overview
IV. Clinical Features
V. Biochemical Diagnosis of Cushing’s Syndrome
A. Cardinal features
B. Urinary free cortisol (UFC)
C. Low-dose dexamethasone testing
D. Circadian rhythm assessment
E. Cyclical Cushing’s syndrome
VI. ACTH-Dependent vs. ACTH-Independent Cushing’s Syndrome
VII. Differential Diagnosis of ACTH-Dependent Cushing’s Syndrome
A. Overview
B. Basal testing
C. Dynamic noninvasive testing
D. Invasive testing
VIII. Other Causes of Cushing’s Syndrome
IX. Imaging
A. Pituitary
B. Adrenal
C. Ectopic secretion
X. Differentiation from Pseudo-Cushing’s States
XI. Conclusions




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J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2003; 88(1): 196 - 203.
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E. D. ROSEN
The Molecular Control of Adipogenesis, with Special Reference to Lymphatic Pathology
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., December 1, 2002; 979(1): 143 - 158.
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