Multimodal Influence of Estrogen upon Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Allan E. Herbison1
Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge
CB2 4AT, United Kingdom
I. Introduction
II. Effects of Estrogen on GnRH Neurons
A.Sexual differentiation
B. Biosynthesis of GnRH
C. Biosynthesisof galanin
D. Electrical activity of GnRH neurons
E. GnRHsecretion
F. GnRH degradation
G. Ultrastructural changesinvolving GnRH neurons
H. Summary of estrogen’s influenceon GnRH cells
III. Brain Sites of Estrogen Influence on GnRHNeurons
A. Sites of estrogen’s stimulatory sites
B.Sites of estrogen’s inhibitory action
C. Summary
IV.Pathways for Estrogen Regulation of GnRH Neurons
A. Directregulation of GnRH neurons
B. Estrogen-receptive neurons asintermediaries
C. Glial cells as intermediaries
D. Summary
V. Model of Estrogen Action on GnRH Neurons
VI. ConcludingRemarks
This article has been cited by other articles:
A. E. Herbison Rapid actions of oestrogen on gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons; from fantasy to physiology?
J. Physiol.,
November 1, 2009;
587(21):
5025 - 5030.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. Otani, F. Otsuka, M. Takeda, T. Mukai, T. Terasaka, T. Miyoshi, K. Inagaki, J. Suzuki, T. Ogura, M. A Lawson, et al. Regulation of GNRH production by estrogen and bone morphogenetic proteins in GT1-7 hypothalamic cells
J. Endocrinol.,
October 1, 2009;
203(1):
87 - 97.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. Krishnan, K. A. Intlekofer, L. K. Aggison, and S. L. Petersen Central role of TRAF-interacting protein in a new model of brain sexual differentiation
PNAS,
September 29, 2009;
106(39):
16692 - 16697.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
E. D. Hudgens, L. Ji, C. D. Carpenter, and S. L. Petersen The gad2 Promoter Is a Transcriptional Target of Estrogen Receptor (ER) {alpha} and ER{beta}: A Unifying Hypothesis to Explain Diverse Effects of Estradiol
J. Neurosci.,
July 8, 2009;
29(27):
8790 - 8797.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. A. Christian, J. Pielecka-Fortuna, and S. M. Moenter Estradiol Suppresses Glutamatergic Transmission to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in a Model of Negative Feedback in Mice
Biol Reprod,
June 1, 2009;
80(6):
1128 - 1135.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Z. Chu, J. Andrade, M. A. Shupnik, and S. M. Moenter Differential Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Activity and Membrane Properties by Acutely Applied Estradiol: Dependence on Dose and Estrogen Receptor Subtype
J. Neurosci.,
April 29, 2009;
29(17):
5616 - 5627.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
V. Matagne, C. Mastronardi, R. A. Shapiro, D. M. Dorsa, and S. R. Ojeda Hypothalamic Expression of Eap1 Is Not Directly Controlled by Ovarian Steroids
Endocrinology,
April 1, 2009;
150(4):
1870 - 1878.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Choi, C. M. Ha, E. J. Choi, C. S. Jeong, J. W. Park, J.-H. Baik, J.-Y. Park, M. E. Costa, S. R. Ojeda, and B. J. Lee Kinesin Superfamily-Associated Protein 3 Is Preferentially Expressed in Glutamatergic Neurons and Contributes to the Excitatory Control of Female Puberty
Endocrinology,
December 1, 2008;
149(12):
6146 - 6156.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. A. Christian, C. Glidewell-Kenney, J. L. Jameson, and S. M. Moenter Classical Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Signaling Mediates Negative and Positive Feedback on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Firing
Endocrinology,
November 1, 2008;
149(11):
5328 - 5334.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
N. Romano, K. Lee, I. M. Abraham, C. L. Jasoni, and A. E. Herbison Nonclassical Estrogen Modulation of Presynaptic GABA Terminals Modulates Calcium Dynamics in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Endocrinology,
November 1, 2008;
149(11):
5335 - 5344.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Clarkson, X. d'Anglemont de Tassigny, A. S. Moreno, W. H. Colledge, and A. E. Herbison Kisspeptin-GPR54 Signaling Is Essential for Preovulatory Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Activation and the Luteinizing Hormone Surge
J. Neurosci.,
August 27, 2008;
28(35):
8691 - 8697.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
X. d'Anglemont de Tassigny, L. A. Fagg, M. B. L. Carlton, and W. H. Colledge Kisspeptin Can Stimulate Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Release by a Direct Action at GnRH Nerve Terminals
Endocrinology,
August 1, 2008;
149(8):
3926 - 3932.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. Glidewell-Kenney, J. Weiss, L. A. Hurley, J. E. Levine, and J. L. Jameson Estrogen Receptor {alpha} Signaling Pathways Differentially Regulate Gonadotropin Subunit Gene Expression and Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in the Female Mouse
Endocrinology,
August 1, 2008;
149(8):
4168 - 4176.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
D. Titolo, C. M. Mayer, S. S. Dhillon, F. Cai, and D. D. Belsham Estrogen Facilitates both Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt and ERK1/2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Membrane Signaling Required for Long-Term Neuropeptide Y Transcriptional Regulation in Clonal, Immortalized Neurons
J. Neurosci.,
June 18, 2008;
28(25):
6473 - 6482.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. A. Christian and S. M. Moenter Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Can Excite Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in a Manner Dependent on Estradiol and Gated by Time of Day
Endocrinology,
June 1, 2008;
149(6):
3130 - 3136.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
D. Gonzalez-Martinez, C. De Mees, Q. Douhard, C. Szpirer, and J. Bakker Absence of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 1 and Kiss1 Activation in {alpha}-Fetoprotein Knockout Mice: Prenatal Estrogens Defeminize the Potential to Show Preovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surges
Endocrinology,
May 1, 2008;
149(5):
2333 - 2340.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. Kanda, Y. Akazome, T. Matsunaga, N. Yamamoto, S. Yamada, H. Tsukamura, K.-i. Maeda, and Y. Oka Identification of KiSS-1 Product Kisspeptin and Steroid-Sensitive Sexually Dimorphic Kisspeptin Neurons in Medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Endocrinology,
May 1, 2008;
149(5):
2467 - 2476.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
W. Huang, M. Acosta-Martinez, and J. E. Levine Ovarian Steroids Stimulate Adenosine Triphosphate-Sensitive Potassium (KATP) Channel Subunit Gene Expression and Confer Responsiveness of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Pulse Generator to KATP Channel Modulation
Endocrinology,
May 1, 2008;
149(5):
2423 - 2432.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Q. Gao and T. L. Horvath Cross-talk between estrogen and leptin signaling in the hypothalamus
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,
May 1, 2008;
294(5):
E817 - E826.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. M. Anderson, D. C. Kieser, F. J. Steyn, and D. R. Grattan Hypothalamic Prolactin Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels, Prolactin Signaling, and Hyperprolactinemic Inhibition of Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Secretion Are Dependent on Estradiol
Endocrinology,
April 1, 2008;
149(4):
1562 - 1570.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. Rasier, A.-S. Parent, A. Gerard, R. Denooz, M.-C. Lebrethon, C. Charlier, and J.-P. Bourguignon Mechanisms of Interaction of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals with Glutamate-Evoked Secretion of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Toxicol. Sci.,
March 1, 2008;
102(1):
33 - 41.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. Abe, K. L. Keen, and E. Terasawa Rapid Action of Estrogens on Intracellular Calcium Oscillations in Primate Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone-1 Neurons
Endocrinology,
March 1, 2008;
149(3):
1155 - 1162.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Clasadonte, P. Poulain, J.-C. Beauvillain, and V. Prevot Activation of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Release Inhibits Spontaneous Firing in Adult Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons: A Possible Local Synchronizing Signal
Endocrinology,
February 1, 2008;
149(2):
587 - 596.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. Rasier, A.-S. Parent, A. Gerard, M.-C. Lebrethon, and J.-P. Bourguignon Early Maturation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion and Sexual Precocity after Exposure of Infant Female Rats to Estradiol or Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
Biol Reprod,
October 1, 2007;
77(4):
734 - 742.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. Zhang, M. A. Bosch, J. E. Levine, O. K. Ronnekleiv, and M. J. Kelly Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons Express KATP Channels That Are Regulated by Estrogen and Responsive to Glucose and Metabolic Inhibition
J. Neurosci.,
September 19, 2007;
27(38):
10153 - 10164.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. Morales, M. Gonzalez, R. Marin, M. Diaz, and R. Alonso Estrogen inhibition of norepinephrine responsiveness is initiated at the plasma membrane of GnRH-producing GT1-7 cells
J. Endocrinol.,
July 1, 2007;
194(1):
193 - 200.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. J McManus, M. Valent, S. L Hardy, and R. L Goodman Does nitric oxide act in the ventromedial preoptic area to mediate oestrogen negative feedback in the seasonally anoestrous ewe?
Reproduction,
July 1, 2007;
134(1):
137 - 145.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
X. d'Anglemont de Tassigny, C. Campagne, B. Dehouck, D. Leroy, G. R. Holstein, J.-C. Beauvillain, V. Buee-Scherrer, and V. Prevot Coupling of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase to NMDA Receptors via Postsynaptic Density-95 Depends on Estrogen and Contributes to the Central Control of Adult Female Reproduction
J. Neurosci.,
June 6, 2007;
27(23):
6103 - 6114.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. Glidewell-Kenney, L. A. Hurley, L. Pfaff, J. Weiss, J. E. Levine, and J. L. Jameson Nonclassical estrogen receptor {alpha} signaling mediates negative feedback in the female mouse reproductive axis
PNAS,
May 8, 2007;
104(19):
8173 - 8177.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. S. Kauffman, M. L. Gottsch, J. Roa, A. C. Byquist, A. Crown, D. K. Clifton, G. E. Hoffman, R. A. Steiner, and M. Tena-Sempere Sexual Differentiation of Kiss1 Gene Expression in the Brain of the Rat
Endocrinology,
April 1, 2007;
148(4):
1774 - 1783.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. R. Genazzani, N. Pluchino, S. Luisi, and M. Luisi Estrogen, cognition and female ageing
Hum. Reprod. Update,
March 1, 2007;
13(2):
175 - 187.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. A. Taylor, M.-L. Goubillon, K. D. Broad, and J. E. Robinson Steroid Control of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion: Associated Changes in Pro-Opiomelanocortin and Preproenkephalin Messenger RNA Expression in the Ovine Hypothalamus
Biol Reprod,
March 1, 2007;
76(3):
524 - 531.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. A. Christian and S. M. Moenter Estradiol Induces Diurnal Shifts in GABA Transmission to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons to Provide a Neural Signal for Ovulation
J. Neurosci.,
February 21, 2007;
27(8):
1913 - 1921.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C A Wilson and D C Davies The control of sexual differentiation of the reproductive system and brain
Reproduction,
February 1, 2007;
133(2):
331 - 359.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
B. Furnes and J. Schimenti Fast forward to new genes in mammalian reproduction
J. Physiol.,
January 1, 2007;
578(1):
25 - 32.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Clarkson and A. E. Herbison Postnatal Development of Kisspeptin Neurons in Mouse Hypothalamus; Sexual Dimorphism and Projections to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Endocrinology,
December 1, 2006;
147(12):
5817 - 5825.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Qiu, M. A. Bosch, K. Jamali, C. Xue, M. J. Kelly, and O. K. Ronnekleiv Estrogen Upregulates T-Type Calcium Channels in the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
J. Neurosci.,
October 25, 2006;
26(43):
11072 - 11082.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
V. Rochira, L. Zirilli, A. D Genazzani, A. Balestrieri, C. Aranda, B. Fabre, P. Antunez, C. Diazzi, C. Carani, and L. Maffei Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in two men with aromatase deficiency: evidence that circulating estrogens are required at the hypothalamic level for the integrity of gonadotropin negative feedback.
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
October 1, 2006;
155(4):
513 - 522.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
D. Titolo, F. Cai, and D. D. Belsham Coordinate Regulation of Neuropeptide Y and Agouti-Related Peptide Gene Expression by Estrogen Depends on the Ratio of Estrogen Receptor (ER) {alpha} to ER{beta} in Clonal Hypothalamic Neurons
Mol. Endocrinol.,
September 1, 2006;
20(9):
2080 - 2092.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. T. Smith, S. M. Popa, D. K. Clifton, G. E. Hoffman, and R. A. Steiner Kiss1 neurons in the forebrain as central processors for generating the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge.
J. Neurosci.,
June 21, 2006;
26(25):
6687 - 6694.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. El-Etr, Y. Akwa, E.-E. Baulieu, and M. Schumacher The Neuroactive Steroid Pregnenolone Sulfate Stimulates the Release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone from GT1-7 Hypothalamic Neurons, through N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors
Endocrinology,
June 1, 2006;
147(6):
2737 - 2743.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Pielecka and S. M. Moenter Effect of Steroid Milieu on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-1 Neuron Firing Pattern and Luteinizing Hormone Levels in Male Mice
Biol Reprod,
May 1, 2006;
74(5):
931 - 937.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. T Smith, D. K Clifton, and R. A Steiner Regulation of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis by kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling.
Reproduction,
April 1, 2006;
131(4):
623 - 630.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. D. Veldhuis, J. N. Roemmich, E. J. Richmond, and C. Y. Bowers Somatotropic and Gonadotropic Axes Linkages in Infancy, Childhood, and the Puberty-Adult Transition
Endocr. Rev.,
April 1, 2006;
27(2):
101 - 140.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. O. de la Iglesia and W. J. Schwartz Minireview: Timely Ovulation: Circadian Regulation of the Female Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Endocrinology,
March 1, 2006;
147(3):
1148 - 1153.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
L. J. Kriegsfeld, D. F. Mei, G. E. Bentley, T. Ubuka, A. O. Mason, K. Inoue, K. Ukena, K. Tsutsui, and R. Silver Identification and characterization of a gonadotropin-inhibitory system in the brains of mammals
PNAS,
February 14, 2006;
103(7):
2410 - 2415.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. V. V. Helena, M. de Oliveira Poletini, G. L. Sanvitto, S. Hayashi, C. R. Franci, and J. A. Anselmo-Franci Changes in {alpha}-estradiol receptor and progesterone receptor expression in the locus coeruleus and preoptic area throughout the rat estrous cycle
J. Endocrinol.,
February 1, 2006;
188(2):
155 - 165.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. Pompolo, A. Pereira, K. M. Estrada, and I. J. Clarke Colocalization of Kisspeptin and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in the Ovine Brain
Endocrinology,
February 1, 2006;
147(2):
804 - 810.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Balthazart, M. Baillien, and G. F. Ball Rapid Control of Brain Aromatase Activity by Glutamatergic Inputs
Endocrinology,
January 1, 2006;
147(1):
359 - 366.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. Bodo, A. E. Kudwa, and E. F. Rissman Both Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} and -{beta} Are Required for Sexual Differentiation of the Anteroventral Periventricular Area in Mice
Endocrinology,
January 1, 2006;
147(1):
415 - 420.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S.-K. Han, M. L. Gottsch, K. J. Lee, S. M. Popa, J. T. Smith, S. K. Jakawich, D. K. Clifton, R. A. Steiner, and A. E. Herbison Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons by Kisspeptin as a Neuroendocrine Switch for the Onset of Puberty
J. Neurosci.,
December 7, 2005;
25(49):
11349 - 11356.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. M. Moenter and R. A. DeFazio Endogenous {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Can Excite Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Endocrinology,
December 1, 2005;
146(12):
5374 - 5379.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. A. Christian, J. L. Mobley, and S. M. Moenter Diurnal and estradiol-dependent changes in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron firing activity
PNAS,
October 25, 2005;
102(43):
15682 - 15687.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. T. Smith, M. J. Cunningham, E. F. Rissman, D. K Clifton, and R. A. Steiner Regulation of Kiss1 Gene Expression in the Brain of the Female Mouse
Endocrinology,
September 1, 2005;
146(9):
3686 - 3692.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. T. Smith, H. M. Dungan, E. A. Stoll, M. L. Gottsch, R. E. Braun, S. M. Eacker, D. K Clifton, and R. A. Steiner Differential Regulation of KiSS-1 mRNA Expression by Sex Steroids in the Brain of the Male Mouse
Endocrinology,
July 1, 2005;
146(7):
2976 - 2984.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
I. Merchenthaler, G. E. Hoffman, and M. V. Lane Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor-{beta} (ER{beta})-Selective Ligands Induce Galanin Expression within Gonadotropin Hormone-Releasing Hormone-Immunoreactive Neurons in the Female Rat Brain
Endocrinology,
June 1, 2005;
146(6):
2760 - 2765.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
V. Matagne, M.-C. Lebrethon, A. Gerard, and J.-P. Bourguignon Kainate/Estrogen Receptor Involvement in Rapid Estradiol Effects in Vitro and Intracellular Signaling Pathways
Endocrinology,
May 1, 2005;
146(5):
2313 - 2323.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. M Russell, E Murphree, J Janik, and P Callahan Effect of steroids and nitric oxide on pituitary hormone release in ovariectomized, peripubertal rats
Reproduction,
April 1, 2005;
129(4):
497 - 504.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M.B Hawkins, J Godwin, D Crews, and P Thomas The distributions of the duplicate oestrogen receptors ER-{beta}a and ER-{beta}b in the forebrain of the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus): evidence for subfunctionalization after gene duplication
Proc R Soc B,
March 22, 2005;
272(1563):
633 - 641.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
R. E. Campbell, S.-K. Han, and A. E. Herbison Biocytin Filling of Adult Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in Situ Reveals Extensive, Spiny, Dendritic Processes
Endocrinology,
March 1, 2005;
146(3):
1163 - 1169.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C M Gomes, C Raineki, P R. de Paula, G S Severino, C V V Helena, J A Anselmo-Franci, C R Franci, G L Sanvitto, and A B Lucion Neonatal handling and reproductive function in female rats
J. Endocrinol.,
February 1, 2005;
184(2):
435 - 445.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
B.-S. An, J.-H. Choi, K.-C. Choi, and P. C. K. Leung Differential Role of Progesterone Receptor Isoforms in the Transcriptional Regulation of Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone I (GnRH I) Receptor, GnRH I, and GnRH II
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
February 1, 2005;
90(2):
1106 - 1113.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. D. Sullivan and S. M. Moenter GABAergic Integration of Progesterone and Androgen Feedback to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Biol Reprod,
January 1, 2005;
72(1):
33 - 41.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. Karanth, W. H. Yu, C. M. Mastronardi, and S. M. McCann 17{beta}-Estradiol Stimulates Ascorbic Acid and LHRH Release from the Medial Basal Hypothalamus in Adult Male Rats
Exp Biol Med,
October 1, 2004;
229(9):
926 - 934.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
V. M. Navarro, J. M. Castellano, R. Fernandez-Fernandez, M. L. Barreiro, J. Roa, J. E. Sanchez-Criado, E. Aguilar, C. Dieguez, L. Pinilla, and M. Tena-Sempere Developmental and Hormonally Regulated Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of KiSS-1 and Its Putative Receptor, GPR54, in Rat Hypothalamus and Potent Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Activity of KiSS-1 Peptide
Endocrinology,
October 1, 2004;
145(10):
4565 - 4574.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
E. N. Ottem, J. G. Godwin, S. Krishnan, and S. L. Petersen Dual-Phenotype GABA/Glutamate Neurons in Adult Preoptic Area: Sexual Dimorphism and Function
J. Neurosci.,
September 15, 2004;
24(37):
8097 - 8105.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. L. Gottsch, M. J. Cunningham, J. T. Smith, S. M. Popa, B. V. Acohido, W. F. Crowley, S. Seminara, D. K. Clifton, and R. A. Steiner A Role for Kisspeptins in the Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion in the Mouse
Endocrinology,
September 1, 2004;
145(9):
4073 - 4077.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. K. Greenwood and R. D. Fernald Social Regulation of the Electrical Properties of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons in a Cichlid Fish (Astatotilapia burtoni)
Biol Reprod,
September 1, 2004;
71(3):
909 - 918.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. S. Jorgensen, C. C. Quirk, and J. H. Nilson Multiple and Overlapping Combinatorial Codes Orchestrate Hormonal Responsiveness and Dictate Cell-Specific Expression of the Genes Encoding Luteinizing Hormone
Endocr. Rev.,
August 1, 2004;
25(4):
521 - 542.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
T. S. McMullin, M. E. Andersen, A. Nagahara, T. D. Lund, T. Pak, R. J. Handa, and W. H. Hanneman Evidence That Atrazine and Diaminochlorotriazine Inhibit the Estrogen/Progesterone Induced Surge of Luteinizing Hormone in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats Without Changing Estrogen Receptor Action
Toxicol. Sci.,
June 1, 2004;
79(2):
278 - 286.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. D. Sullivan and S. M. Moenter Prenatal androgens alter GABAergic drive to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons: Implications for a common fertility disorder
PNAS,
May 4, 2004;
101(18):
7129 - 7134.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. Bouret, S. De Seranno, J.-C. Beauvillain, and V. Prevot Transforming Growth Factor {beta}1 May Directly Influence Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression in the Rat Hypothalamus
Endocrinology,
April 1, 2004;
145(4):
1794 - 1801.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. G. Bouret, S. J. Draper, and R. B. Simerly Formation of Projection Pathways from the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus to Hypothalamic Regions Implicated in the Neural Control of Feeding Behavior in Mice
J. Neurosci.,
March 17, 2004;
24(11):
2797 - 2805.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S.-K. Han, M. G. Todman, and A. E. Herbison Endogenous GABA Release Inhibits the Firing of Adult Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Endocrinology,
February 1, 2004;
145(2):
495 - 499.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. L. Jackson and D. Kuehl Effects of Applying Gamma-Aminobutyric AcidB Drugs into the Medial Basal Hypothalamus on Basal Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations and on Luteinizing Hormone Surges in the Female Sheep
Biol Reprod,
February 1, 2004;
70(2):
334 - 339.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. Zapatero-Caballero, F. Sanchez-Franco, C. Fernandez-Mendez, M. Garcia-San Frutos, L. M. Botella-Cubells, and G. Fernandez-Vazquez Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene Expression During Pubertal Development of Female Rats
Biol Reprod,
February 1, 2004;
70(2):
348 - 355.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. Charlton Neural transplantation in hypogonadal (hpg) mice - physiology and neurobiology
Reproduction,
January 1, 2004;
127(1):
3 - 12.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. L. Petersen, E. N. Ottem, and C. D. Carpenter Direct and Indirect Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons by Estradiol
Biol Reprod,
December 1, 2003;
69(6):
1771 - 1778.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A.-S. Parent, G. Teilmann, A. Juul, N. E. Skakkebaek, J. Toppari, and J.-P. Bourguignon The Timing of Normal Puberty and the Age Limits of Sexual Precocity: Variations around the World, Secular Trends, and Changes after Migration
Endocr. Rev.,
October 1, 2003;
24(5):
668 - 693.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
N. R. Thanky, R. Slater, and A. E. Herbison Sex Differences in Estrogen-Dependent Transcription of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Gene Revealed in GnRH Transgenic Mice
Endocrinology,
August 1, 2003;
144(8):
3351 - 3358.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. T. Jansen, C. Cutter, S. Hardy, M. N. Lehman, and R. L. Goodman Seasonal Plasticity within the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) System of the Ewe: Changes in Identified GnRH Inputs and Glial Association
Endocrinology,
August 1, 2003;
144(8):
3663 - 3676.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
I. M. Abraham, S.-K. Han, M. G. Todman, K. S. Korach, and A. E. Herbison Estrogen Receptor {beta} Mediates Rapid Estrogen Actions on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons In Vivo
J. Neurosci.,
July 2, 2003;
23(13):
5771 - 5777.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. M. Leupen, S. A. Tobet, W. F. Crowley Jr., and K. Kaila Heterogeneous Expression of the Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter KCC2 in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons of the Adult Mouse
Endocrinology,
July 1, 2003;
144(7):
3031 - 3036.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. J. Krajewski, T. W. Abel, M. L. Voytko, and N. E. Rance Ovarian Steroids Differentially Modulate the Gene Expression of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Subtypes in the Ovariectomized Cynomolgus Monkey
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
February 1, 2003;
88(2):
655 - 662.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. Leonhardt, J. Lesage, D. Croix, I. Dutriez-Casteloot, J. C. Beauvillain, and J. P. Dupouy Effects of Perinatal Maternal Food Restriction on Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Plasma Leptin Level in Rat Pup at Birth and Weaning and on Timing of Puberty
Biol Reprod,
February 1, 2003;
68(2):
390 - 400.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
B. T. Akingbemi, R. Ge, C. S. Rosenfeld, L. G. Newton, D. O. Hardy, J. F. Catterall, D. B. Lubahn, K. S. Korach, and M. P. Hardy Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Gene Deficiency Enhances Androgen Biosynthesis in the Mouse Leydig Cell
Endocrinology,
January 1, 2003;
144(1):
84 - 93.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
T. R. Chakraborty, L. Ng, and A. C. Gore Colocalization and Hormone Regulation of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor in the Hypothalamus of Female Rats
Endocrinology,
January 1, 2003;
144(1):
299 - 305.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
R. A. DeFazio, S. Heger, S. R. Ojeda, and S. M. Moenter Activation of A-Type {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors Excites Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Mol. Endocrinol.,
December 1, 2002;
16(12):
2872 - 2891.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. J. Barnes, K. Lapanowski, J. A. Rafols, D. M. Lawson, and J. C. Dunbar Chronic Nitric Oxide Deficiency Is Associated with Altered Leutinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Release in Ovariectomized Rats
Exp Biol Med,
October 1, 2002;
227(9):
817 - 822.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. S. Nunemaker, R. A. DeFazio, and S. M. Moenter Estradiol-Sensitive Afferents Modulate Long-Term Episodic Firing Patterns of GnRH Neurons
Endocrinology,
June 1, 2002;
143(6):
2284 - 2292.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. Gill, J. L. Sharpless, K. Rado, and J. E. Hall Evidence That GnRH Decreases with Gonadal Steroid Feedback but Increases with Age in Postmenopausal Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
May 1, 2002;
87(5):
2290 - 2296.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. Gill, H. B. Lavoie, Y. Bo-Abbas, and J. E. Hall Negative Feedback Effects of Gonadal Steroids Are Preserved with Aging in Postmenopausal Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
May 1, 2002;
87(5):
2297 - 2302.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. L. Jackson and D. Kuehl The GABAB Antagonist CGP 52432 Attenuates the Stimulatory Effect of the GABAB Agonist SKF 97541 on Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in the Male Sheep
Exp Biol Med,
May 1, 2002;
227(5):
315 - 320.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
P. E. Cohen, L. Zhu, K. Nishimura, and J. W. Pollard Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Regulation of Neuroendocrine Pathways that Control Gonadal Function in Mice
Endocrinology,
April 1, 2002;
143(4):
1413 - 1422.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S.-K. Han, I. M. Abraham, and A. E. Herbison Effect of GABA on GnRH Neurons Switches from Depolarization to Hyperpolarization at Puberty in the Female Mouse
Endocrinology,
April 1, 2002;
143(4):
1459 - 1466.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H.-W. Tsai and S. J. Legan Loss of Luteinizing Hormone Surges Induced by Chronic Estradiol Is Associated with Decreased Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Biol Reprod,
April 1, 2002;
66(4):
1104 - 1110.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. A. Bosch, M. J. Kelly, and O. K. Ronnekleiv Distribution, Neuronal Colocalization, and 17{beta}-E2 Modulation of Small Conductance Calcium-Activated K+ Channel (SK3) mRNA in the Guinea Pig Brain
Endocrinology,
March 1, 2002;
143(3):
1097 - 1107.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. Pompolo, C. J. Scott, and I. J. Clarke Selective Regulation of Glutamic Decarboxylase Isoform 65, But Not Isoform 67, in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and the Preoptic Area of the Ewe Brain Across the Estrous Cycle
Endocrinology,
February 1, 2002;
143(2):
544 - 550.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. A. Sim, M. J. Skynner, and A. E. Herbison Direct Regulation of Postnatal GnRH Neurons by the Progesterone Derivative Allopregnanolone in the Mouse
Endocrinology,
October 1, 2001;
142(10):
4448 - 4453.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
D. P. Spratt and A. E. Herbison Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Testosterone on Preoptic Area Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide mRNA Expression Depend upon Neuron Location and Differential Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Activation
Endocrinology,
August 1, 2001;
142(8):
3397 - 3404.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
