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Endocrine Reviews 19 (3): 302-330
Copyright © 1998 by The Endocrine Society

Multimodal Influence of Estrogen upon Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons

Allan E. Herbison1

Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB2 4AT, United Kingdom

I. Introduction
II. Effects of Estrogen on GnRH Neurons
A. Sexual differentiation
B. Biosynthesis of GnRH
C. Biosynthesis of galanin
D. Electrical activity of GnRH neurons
E. GnRH secretion
F. GnRH degradation
G. Ultrastructural changes involving GnRH neurons
H. Summary of estrogen’s influence on GnRH cells
III. Brain Sites of Estrogen Influence on GnRH Neurons
A. Sites of estrogen’s stimulatory sites
B. Sites of estrogen’s inhibitory action
C. Summary
IV. Pathways for Estrogen Regulation of GnRH Neurons
A. Direct regulation of GnRH neurons
B. Estrogen-receptive neurons as intermediaries
C. Glial cells as intermediaries
D. Summary
V. Model of Estrogen Action on GnRH Neurons
VI. Concluding Remarks




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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. D. Sullivan and S. M. Moenter
Prenatal androgens alter GABAergic drive to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons: Implications for a common fertility disorder
PNAS, May 4, 2004; 101(18): 7129 - 7134.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
S. Bouret, S. De Seranno, J.-C. Beauvillain, and V. Prevot
Transforming Growth Factor {beta}1 May Directly Influence Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression in the Rat Hypothalamus
Endocrinology, April 1, 2004; 145(4): 1794 - 1801.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
S. G. Bouret, S. J. Draper, and R. B. Simerly
Formation of Projection Pathways from the Arcuate Nucleus of the Hypothalamus to Hypothalamic Regions Implicated in the Neural Control of Feeding Behavior in Mice
J. Neurosci., March 17, 2004; 24(11): 2797 - 2805.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
S.-K. Han, M. G. Todman, and A. E. Herbison
Endogenous GABA Release Inhibits the Firing of Adult Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Endocrinology, February 1, 2004; 145(2): 495 - 499.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
G. L. Jackson and D. Kuehl
Effects of Applying Gamma-Aminobutyric AcidB Drugs into the Medial Basal Hypothalamus on Basal Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations and on Luteinizing Hormone Surges in the Female Sheep
Biol Reprod, February 1, 2004; 70(2): 334 - 339.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
H. Zapatero-Caballero, F. Sanchez-Franco, C. Fernandez-Mendez, M. Garcia-San Frutos, L. M. Botella-Cubells, and G. Fernandez-Vazquez
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Gene Expression During Pubertal Development of Female Rats
Biol Reprod, February 1, 2004; 70(2): 348 - 355.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ReproductionHome page
H. Charlton
Neural transplantation in hypogonadal (hpg) mice - physiology and neurobiology
Reproduction, January 1, 2004; 127(1): 3 - 12.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
S. L. Petersen, E. N. Ottem, and C. D. Carpenter
Direct and Indirect Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons by Estradiol
Biol Reprod, December 1, 2003; 69(6): 1771 - 1778.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
A.-S. Parent, G. Teilmann, A. Juul, N. E. Skakkebaek, J. Toppari, and J.-P. Bourguignon
The Timing of Normal Puberty and the Age Limits of Sexual Precocity: Variations around the World, Secular Trends, and Changes after Migration
Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2003; 24(5): 668 - 693.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
N. R. Thanky, R. Slater, and A. E. Herbison
Sex Differences in Estrogen-Dependent Transcription of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Gene Revealed in GnRH Transgenic Mice
Endocrinology, August 1, 2003; 144(8): 3351 - 3358.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
H. T. Jansen, C. Cutter, S. Hardy, M. N. Lehman, and R. L. Goodman
Seasonal Plasticity within the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) System of the Ewe: Changes in Identified GnRH Inputs and Glial Association
Endocrinology, August 1, 2003; 144(8): 3663 - 3676.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
I. M. Abraham, S.-K. Han, M. G. Todman, K. S. Korach, and A. E. Herbison
Estrogen Receptor {beta} Mediates Rapid Estrogen Actions on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons In Vivo
J. Neurosci., July 2, 2003; 23(13): 5771 - 5777.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
S. M. Leupen, S. A. Tobet, W. F. Crowley Jr., and K. Kaila
Heterogeneous Expression of the Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter KCC2 in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons of the Adult Mouse
Endocrinology, July 1, 2003; 144(7): 3031 - 3036.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. J. Krajewski, T. W. Abel, M. L. Voytko, and N. E. Rance
Ovarian Steroids Differentially Modulate the Gene Expression of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Subtypes in the Ovariectomized Cynomolgus Monkey
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2003; 88(2): 655 - 662.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
M. Leonhardt, J. Lesage, D. Croix, I. Dutriez-Casteloot, J. C. Beauvillain, and J. P. Dupouy
Effects of Perinatal Maternal Food Restriction on Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Plasma Leptin Level in Rat Pup at Birth and Weaning and on Timing of Puberty
Biol Reprod, February 1, 2003; 68(2): 390 - 400.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
B. T. Akingbemi, R. Ge, C. S. Rosenfeld, L. G. Newton, D. O. Hardy, J. F. Catterall, D. B. Lubahn, K. S. Korach, and M. P. Hardy
Estrogen Receptor-{alpha} Gene Deficiency Enhances Androgen Biosynthesis in the Mouse Leydig Cell
Endocrinology, January 1, 2003; 144(1): 84 - 93.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
T. R. Chakraborty, L. Ng, and A. C. Gore
Colocalization and Hormone Regulation of Estrogen Receptor {alpha} and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor in the Hypothalamus of Female Rats
Endocrinology, January 1, 2003; 144(1): 299 - 305.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Mol. Endocrinol.Home page
R. A. DeFazio, S. Heger, S. R. Ojeda, and S. M. Moenter
Activation of A-Type {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors Excites Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2002; 16(12): 2872 - 2891.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
M. J. Barnes, K. Lapanowski, J. A. Rafols, D. M. Lawson, and J. C. Dunbar
Chronic Nitric Oxide Deficiency Is Associated with Altered Leutinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Release in Ovariectomized Rats
Experimental Biology and Medicine, October 1, 2002; 227(9): 817 - 822.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
C. S. Nunemaker, R. A. DeFazio, and S. M. Moenter
Estradiol-Sensitive Afferents Modulate Long-Term Episodic Firing Patterns of GnRH Neurons
Endocrinology, June 1, 2002; 143(6): 2284 - 2292.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Gill, J. L. Sharpless, K. Rado, and J. E. Hall
Evidence That GnRH Decreases with Gonadal Steroid Feedback but Increases with Age in Postmenopausal Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 2290 - 2296.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. Gill, H. B. Lavoie, Y. Bo-Abbas, and J. E. Hall
Negative Feedback Effects of Gonadal Steroids Are Preserved with Aging in Postmenopausal Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2002; 87(5): 2297 - 2302.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
G. L. Jackson and D. Kuehl
The GABAB Antagonist CGP 52432 Attenuates the Stimulatory Effect of the GABAB Agonist SKF 97541 on Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in the Male Sheep
Experimental Biology and Medicine, May 1, 2002; 227(5): 315 - 320.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
P. E. Cohen, L. Zhu, K. Nishimura, and J. W. Pollard
Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Regulation of Neuroendocrine Pathways that Control Gonadal Function in Mice
Endocrinology, April 1, 2002; 143(4): 1413 - 1422.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
S.-K. Han, I. M. Abraham, and A. E. Herbison
Effect of GABA on GnRH Neurons Switches from Depolarization to Hyperpolarization at Puberty in the Female Mouse
Endocrinology, April 1, 2002; 143(4): 1459 - 1466.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Biol. Reprod.Home page
H.-W. Tsai and S. J. Legan
Loss of Luteinizing Hormone Surges Induced by Chronic Estradiol Is Associated with Decreased Activation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Biol Reprod, April 1, 2002; 66(4): 1104 - 1110.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
M. A. Bosch, M. J. Kelly, and O. K. Ronnekleiv
Distribution, Neuronal Colocalization, and 17{beta}-E2 Modulation of Small Conductance Calcium-Activated K+ Channel (SK3) mRNA in the Guinea Pig Brain
Endocrinology, March 1, 2002; 143(3): 1097 - 1107.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
S. Pompolo, C. J. Scott, and I. J. Clarke
Selective Regulation of Glutamic Decarboxylase Isoform 65, But Not Isoform 67, in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and the Preoptic Area of the Ewe Brain Across the Estrous Cycle
Endocrinology, February 1, 2002; 143(2): 544 - 550.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
J. A. Sim, M. J. Skynner, and A. E. Herbison
Direct Regulation of Postnatal GnRH Neurons by the Progesterone Derivative Allopregnanolone in the Mouse
Endocrinology, October 1, 2001; 142(10): 4448 - 4453.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
D. P. Spratt and A. E. Herbison
Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Testosterone on Preoptic Area Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide mRNA Expression Depend upon Neuron Location and Differential Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Activation
Endocrinology, August 1, 2001; 142(8): 3397 - 3404.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
M. J. Smith and P. M. Wise
Neurotensin Gene Expression Increases during Proestrus in the Rostral Medial Preoptic Nucleus: Potential for Direct Communication with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Endocrinology, July 1, 2001; 142(7): 3006 - 3013.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
C. Knauf, V. Prevot, G. B. Stefano, G. Mortreux, J.-C. Beauvillain, and D. Croix
Evidence for a Spontaneous Nitric Oxide Release from the Rat Median Eminence: Influence on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release
Endocrinology, June 1, 2001; 142(6): 2343 - 2350.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
E. Terasawa and D. L. Fernandez
Neurobiological Mechanisms of the Onset of Puberty in Primates
Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2001; 22(1): 111 - 151.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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