Intraadrenal Interactions in the Regulation of Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis
Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein,
Joy P. Hinson,
Stefan R. Bornstein,
Werner A. Scherbaum and
Gavin P. Vinson
Department of Internal Medicine III (M.E.-B.), University of
Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (J.P.H.,
G.P.V.), Queen Mary and Westfield College, London E14NS, England;
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (S.R.B.),
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Diabetes
Research Institute at the Heinrich Heine University (W.A.S.), 40225
Düsseldorf, Germany
I. Introduction: The Adrenal Functional Unit
II. InteractionBetween Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex
A. Relationshipbetween medullary and cortical cells
B. Paracrine controlof adrenocortical function by the adrenalmedulla
C. Gap junctionsin the adrenal cortex
D. Summary
III. Innervation of theAdrenal Cortex
A. Evidence for a nerve supply to the adrenalcortex
B. The source of adrenocortical innervation
C. Regulationof adrenocortical innervation
D. Role of the splanchnic nervein regulating adrenocorticalneural
function
E. Influenceof adrenal innervation on adrenocortical function
F. Effectsof neurotransmitter substances on adrenocorticalfunction
G.Summary
IV. The Vascular System of the Adrenal Gland
A.Regulation of blood flow
B. Relationship between blood flowand steroid secretion
C. Effects of vascular endothelial cellproducts on steroidsecretion
D. Summary
V. The IntraadrenalCRH/ACTH System
A. Extrapituitary effect of CRH
B. IntraadrenalACTH
C. Intraadrenal CRH and CRH receptors
D. Feedback mechanisms
E. Summary
VI. Immune Cells and Cytokines in the AdrenalGland
A. Source of cytokines within the adrenal
B. Cytokinesthat influence the adrenal cortex
C. Summary
VII. PeptideGrowth Factors and the Adrenal Cortex
A. FGFs
B. IGFs
C.TGFß
D. Summary
VIII. The Intraadrenal Renin-AngiotensinSystem (RAS)
A. The role of the RAS in adrenocortical function
B. Renin
C. Angiotensinogen
D. Angiotensin-convertingenzyme and the production of angiotensinII
E. What is thefunctional significance of the intraadrenal RAS?
F. How canthe angiotensin II produced by the tissue RAS bedistinguished
fromthe systemic system?
G. Summary
IX. Clinical Implications
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Adrenal androgens
D. Summary
X. Conclusions
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[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
N. Hiroi, G. P. Chrousos, B. Kohn, A. Lafferty, M. Abu-Asab, S. Bonat, A. White, and S. R. Bornstein Adrenocortical-Pituitary Hybrid Tumor Causing Cushing's Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
June 1, 2001;
86(6):
2631 - 2637.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. Lacroix, N. N'Diaye, J. Tremblay, and P. Hamet Ectopic and Abnormal Hormone Receptors in Adrenal Cushing's Syndrome
Endocr. Rev.,
February 1, 2001;
22(1):
75 - 110.
[Abstract][Full Text]
Y. M. Ulrich-Lai, C. A. Harding-Rose, A. Guo, W. R. Bowles, and W. C. Engeland ACTH inhibits the capsaicin-evoked release of CGRP from rat adrenal afferent nerves
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,
January 1, 2001;
280(1):
R137 - R142.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. R. Bornstein, H. Tian, A. Haidan, A. Bottner, N. Hiroi, G. Eisenhofer, S. M. McCann, G. P. Chrousos, and S. Roffler-Tarlov Deletion of tyrosine hydroxylase gene reveals functional interdependence of adrenocortical and chromaffin cell system in vivo
PNAS,
December 19, 2000;
97(26):
14742 - 14747.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
D. P. Merke, G. P. Chrousos, G. Eisenhofer, M. Weise, M. F. Keil, A. D. Rogol, J. J. V. Wyk, and S. R. Bornstein Adrenomedullary Dysplasia and Hypofunction in Patients with Classic 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
N. Engl. J. Med.,
November 9, 2000;
343(19):
1362 - 1368.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. Bottner, A. Haidan, G. Eisenhofer, K. Kristensen, A. L. Castle, W. A. Scherbaum, H. Schneider, G. P. Chrousos, and S. R. Bornstein Increased Body Fat Mass and Suppression of Circulating Leptin Levels in Response to Hypersecretion of Epinephrine in Phenylethanolamine-N-Methyltransferase (PNMT)-Overexpressing Mice
Endocrinology,
November 1, 2000;
141(11):
4239 - 4246.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. Slominski, J. Wortsman, T. Luger, R. Paus, and S. Solomon Corticotropin Releasing Hormone and Proopiomelanocortin Involvement in the Cutaneous Response to Stress
Physiol Rev,
July 1, 2000;
80(3):
979 - 1020.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
P. C. White and P. W. Speiser Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Endocr. Rev.,
June 1, 2000;
21(3):
245 - 291.
[Abstract][Full Text]
C. Le Roy, J. Y. Li, D. M. Stocco, D. Langlois, and J. M. Saez Regulation by Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), Angiotensin II, Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I of Bovine Adrenal Cell Steroidogenic Capacity and Expression of ACTH Receptor, Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein, Cytochrome P450c17, and 3{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase
Endocrinology,
May 1, 2000;
141(5):
1599 - 1607.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. P. Hinson, S. Kapas, and D. M. Smith Adrenomedullin, a Multifunctional Regulatory Peptide
Endocr. Rev.,
April 1, 2000;
21(2):
138 - 167.
[Abstract][Full Text]
S. A. Murray, K. Davis, L. M. Fishman, and S. R. Bornstein {alpha}1 Connexin 43 Gap Junctions Are Decreased in Human Adrenocortical Tumors
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
February 1, 2000;
85(2):
890 - 895.
[Abstract][Full Text]
M.-L. Wong, M. A. Kling, P. J. Munson, S. Listwak, J. Licinio, P. Prolo, B. Karp, I. E. McCutcheon, T. D. Geracioti Jr., M. D. DeBellis, et al. Pronounced and sustained central hypernoradrenergic function in major depression with melancholic features: Relation to hypercortisolism and corticotropin-releasing hormone
PNAS,
January 4, 2000;
97(1):
325 - 330.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
D. Renshaw, L. M. Thomson, M. Carroll, S. Kapas, and J. P. Hinson Actions of Neuropeptide Y on the Rat Adrenal Cortex
Endocrinology,
January 1, 2000;
141(1):
169 - 173.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
F.-J. Lai, S.-J. Shin, Y.-J. Lee, S.-R. Lin, W.-Y. Jou, and J.-H. Tsai Up-Regulation of Adrenal Cortical and Medullary Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Gene Expression in Rats with Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Treatment
Endocrinology,
January 1, 2000;
141(1):
325 - 332.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: A Potent Androgen Secretagogue in Girls with Hyperandrogenism after Precocious Pubarche
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
December 1, 1999;
84(12):
4602 - 4606.
[Abstract][Full Text]
G. W. Wolkersdörfer, T. Lohmann, C. Marx, S. Schröder, R. Pfeiffer, H.-D. Stahl, W. A. Scherbaum, G. P. Chrousos, and S. R. Bornstein Lymphocytes Stimulate Dehydroepiandrosterone Production through Direct Cellular Contact with Adrenal Zona Reticularis Cells: A Novel Mechanism of Immune-Endocrine Interaction
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
November 1, 1999;
84(11):
4220 - 4227.
[Abstract][Full Text]
G. G. Nussdorfer, G. P. Rossi, L. K. Malendowicz, and G. Mazzocchi Autocrine-Paracrine Endothelin System in the Physiology and Pathology of Steroid-Secreting Tissues
Pharmacol. Rev.,
September 1, 1999;
51(3):
403 - 438.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
T. Tajima, X.-M. Ma, S. R. Bornstein, and G. Aguilera Prenatal Dexamethasone Treatment Does Not Prevent Alterations of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis in Steroid 21-Hydroxylase Deficient Mice
Endocrinology,
July 1, 1999;
140(7):
3354 - 3362.
[Abstract][Full Text]
S. R. BORNSTEIN, T. TAJIMA, G. EISENHOFER, A. HAIDAN, and G. AGUILERA Adrenomedullary function is severely impaired in 21-hydroxylase-deficient mice
FASEB J,
July 1, 1999;
13(10):
1185 - 1194.
[Abstract][Full Text]
S. R. Bornstein, C. A. Stratakis, and G. P. Chrousos Adrenocortical Tumors: Recent Advances in Basic Concepts and Clinical Management
Ann Intern Med,
May 4, 1999;
130(9):
759 - 771.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. R. Bornstein and G. P. Chrousos Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)- and Non-ACTH-Mediated Regulation of the Adrenal Cortex: Neural and Immune Inputs
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
May 1, 1999;
84(5):
1729 - 1736.
[Full Text]
M. M. Weber, C. Fottner, P. Schmidt, K. M. H. Brodowski, K. Gittner, H. Lahm, D. Engelhardt, and E. Wolf Postnatal Overexpression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor II in Transgenic Mice Is Associated with Adrenocortical Hyperplasia and Enhanced Steroidogenesis
Endocrinology,
April 1, 1999;
140(4):
1537 - 1543.
[Abstract][Full Text]
U. Hilbers, J. Peters, S. R. Bornstein, F. M. A. Correa, O. Johren, J. M. Saavedra, and M. Ehrhart-Bornstein Local Renin-Angiotensin System Is Involved in K+-Induced Aldosterone Secretion from Human Adrenocortical NCI-H295 Cells
Hypertension,
April 1, 1999;
33(4):
1025 - 1030.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. A. Hines and R. Azziz Impact of Architectural Disruption on Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis In Vitro
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
March 1, 1999;
84(3):
1017 - 1021.
[Abstract][Full Text]
A. Glasow, A. Haidan, U. Hilbers, M. Breidert, J. Gillespie, W. A. Scherbaum, G. P. Chrousos, and S. R. Bornstein Expression of Ob Receptor in Normal Human Adrenals: Differential Regulation of Adrenocortical and Adrenomedullary Function by Leptin
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
December 1, 1998;
83(12):
4459 - 4466.
[Abstract][Full Text]
H. S. Willenberg, C. A. Stratakis, C. Marx, M. Ehrhart-Bornstein, G. P. Chrousos, and S. R. Bornstein Aberrant Interleukin-1 Receptors in a Cortisol-Secreting Adrenal Adenoma Causing Cushing's Syndrome
N. Engl. J. Med.,
July 2, 1998;
339(1):
27 - 31.
[Full Text][PDF]
