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Endocrine Reviews 18 (6): 774-800
Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society

Insulin Resistance and the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Mechanism and Implications for Pathogenesis1

Andrea Dunaif

Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033

I. Introduction
A. Background and historical perspective
B. Definition of PCOS
II. Insulin Action in PCOS
A. Glucose tolerance
B. Insulin action in vivo in PCOS
C. Insulin secretion in PCOS
D. Insulin clearance in PCOS
E. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance
F. Constraints of insulin action studies in PCOS
G. PCOS as a unique NIDDM subphenotype
III. Hypotheses Explaining the Association of Insulin Resistance and PCOS
A. Causal association
B. Possible genetic association of PCOS and insulin resistance
IV. Clinical Implications of Insulin Resistance in PCOS
A. Clinical diagnosis of insulin resistance
B. Other metabolic disorders in PCOS
C. Therapeutic considerations
V. Summary




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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
B. K. Tan, J. Chen, H. Lehnert, R. Kennedy, and H. S. Randeva
Raised Serum, Adipocyte, and Adipose Tissue Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in Overweight Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Effects of Gonadal and Adrenal Steroids
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2007; 92(7): 2764 - 2772.
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 Hum ReprodHome page
T. Sir-Petermann, B. Echiburu, M M. Maliqueo, N. Crisosto, F. Sanchez, C. Hitschfeld, M. Carcamo, P. Amigo, and F. Perez-Bravo
Serum adiponectin and lipid concentrations in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., July 1, 2007; 22(7): 1830 - 1836.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
M. Luque-Ramirez, F. Alvarez-Blasco, C. Mendieta-Azcona, J. I. Botella-Carretero, and H. F. Escobar-Morreale
Obesity Is the Major Determinant of the Abnormalities in Blood Pressure Found in Young Women with the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2007; 92(6): 2141 - 2148.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
M.L. Hendriks, J.C.F. Ket, P.G.A. Hompes, R. Homburg, and C.B. Lambalk
Why does ovarian surgery in PCOS help? Insight into the endocrine implications of ovarian surgery for ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod. Update, May 1, 2007; 13(3): 249 - 264.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
E. Codner and H. F. Escobar-Morreale
Hyperandrogenism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2007; 92(4): 1209 - 1216.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum ReprodHome page
K.-M. Seow, C.-C. Juan, Y.-P. Hsu, J.-L. Hwang, L.-W. Huang, and L.-T. Ho
Amelioration of insulin resistance in women with PCOS via reduced insulin receptor substrate-1 Ser312 phosphorylation following laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery
Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2007; 22(4): 1003 - 1010.
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 Hum ReprodHome page
K.-M. Seow, C.-C. Juan, L.-T. Ho, Y.-P. Hsu, Y.-H. Lin, L.-W. Huang, and J.-L. Hwang
Adipocyte resistin mRNA levels are down-regulated by laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery in both obese and lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2007; 22(4): 1100 - 1106.
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 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
S. E Kasim-Karakas, W. M Cunningham, and A. Tsodikov
Relation of nutrients and hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2007; 85(3): 688 - 694.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J EndocrinolHome page
A Corbould
Chronic testosterone treatment induces selective insulin resistance in subcutaneous adipocytes of women
J. Endocrinol., March 1, 2007; 192(3): 585 - 594.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 JAMAHome page
R. S. Legro
A 27-Year-Old Woman With a Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
JAMA, February 7, 2007; 297(5): 509 - 519.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
B. K. Tan, J. Chen, J. E. Digby, S. D. Keay, C. R. Kennedy, and H. S. Randeva
Increased Visfatin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Levels in Adipose Tissue and Adipocytes in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Parallel Increase in Plasma Visfatin
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2006; 91(12): 5022 - 5028.
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 Diabetes CareHome page
C. Li, E. S. Ford, L. C. McGuire, A. H. Mokdad, R. R. Little, and G. M. Reaven
Trends in hyperinsulinemia among nondiabetic adults in the u.s.
Diabetes Care, November 1, 2006; 29(11): 2396 - 2402.
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 Arch Intern MedHome page
F. Alvarez-Blasco, J. I. Botella-Carretero, J. L. San Millan, and H. F. Escobar-Morreale
Prevalence and characteristics of the polycystic ovary syndrome in overweight and obese women.
Arch Intern Med, October 23, 2006; 166(19): 2081 - 2086.
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 NEJMHome page
A. G. Hoppin, E. S. Katz, L. M. Kaplan, and G. Y. Lauwers
Case 31-2006 -- A 15-Year-Old Girl with Severe Obesity.
N. Engl. J. Med., October 12, 2006; 355(15): 1593 - 1602.
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 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
D. R. Stewart, B. A. Dombroski, M. Urbanek, W. Ankener, K. G. Ewens, J. R. Wood, R. S. Legro, J. F. Strauss III, A. Dunaif, and R. S. Spielman
Fine Mapping of Genetic Susceptibility to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome on Chromosome 19p13.2 and Tests for Regulatory Activity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2006; 91(10): 4112 - 4117.
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 Hum ReprodHome page
H.F. Escobar-Morreale, G. Villuendas, J.I. Botella-Carretero, F. Alvarez-Blasco, R. Sanchon, M. Luque-Ramirez, and J.L. San Millan
Adiponectin and resistin in PCOS: a clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic study
Hum. Reprod., September 1, 2006; 21(9): 2257 - 2265.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J EndocrinolHome page
M. H M Lima, L. C Souza, L. C Caperuto, E. Bevilacqua, A. L Gasparetti, R. Zanuto, M. J A Saad, and C. R O Carvalho
Up-regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway in the ovary of rats by chronic treatment with hCG and insulin.
J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2006; 190(2): 451 - 459.
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 Diabetes CareHome page
J. C. Lo, S. L. Feigenbaum, G. J. Escobar, J. Yang, Y. M. Crites, and A. Ferrara
Increased Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Among Women With Diagnosed Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A population-based study
Diabetes Care, August 1, 2006; 29(8): 1915 - 1917.
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 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
M. Mohlig, A. Jurgens, J. Spranger, K. Hoffmann, M. O Weickert, H. W Schlosser, T. Schill, G. Brabant, A. Schuring, A. F H Pfeiffer, et al.
The androgen receptor CAG repeat modifies the impact of testosterone on insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.
Eur. J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 155(1): 127 - 130.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum Reprod UpdateHome page
S.K. Blank, C.R. McCartney, and J.C. Marshall
The origins and sequelae of abnormal neuroendocrine function in polycystic ovary syndrome
Hum. Reprod. Update, July 1, 2006; 12(4): 351 - 361.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BMJHome page
E. Moll, P. M M Bossuyt, J. C Korevaar, C. B Lambalk, and F. van der Veen
Effect of clomifene citrate plus metformin and clomifene citrate plus placebo on induction of ovulation in women with newly diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome: randomised double blind clinical trial
BMJ, June 24, 2006; 332(7556): 1485.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Eur J EndocrinolHome page
R. Pasquali and A. Gambineri
Insulin-sensitizing agents in polycystic ovary syndrome.
Eur. J. Endocrinol., June 1, 2006; 154(6): 763 - 775.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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