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Endocrine Reviews 18 (4): 462-475
Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society

Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone-Dependent Brain Development1

Jack H. Oppenheimer and Harold L. Schwartz

Thyroid Research Unit, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

I. Introduction
II. Developmental Schedules
A. Species specificity
B. Developmental studies in the rat
III. Thyroid Hormone Action
A. Sources of T4 and T3
B. The role of maternal thyroid hormone in fetal brain development: direct or indirect?
C. Intracerebral transport
IV. Molecular Actions of Thyroid Hormone in the Developing Brain
A. Nuclear receptors for thyroid hormone in brain
B. Thyroid hormone receptor isoforms and their tissue distribution
C. Interactions of ligand, receptor, and DNA
D. Ontogeny of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in brain
E. Search for T3-responsive genes in the neonatal rat brain
F. Regulation of gene expression by T3 through indirect molecular pathways?
G. Extranuclear actions of T4?
V. Theories and Speculations
VI. Conclusions




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