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Steroid Receptor Interactions with Heat Shock Protein and Immunophilin Chaperones¹

Department of Pharmacology (W.B.P.), The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (D.O.T.), Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota 55905

I. Introduction

II. 9S Receptors

A. Estrogen receptors (ERs)

B. Progesterone receptors (PRs)

C. Androgen receptors (ARs)

D. Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs)

E. Mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs)

F. Dioxin receptors (DRs)

G. Antheridiol receptors

III. Receptor Transformation

A. Transformed receptors bind polyanions

B. Artifactual transforming conditions

C. Models of cytosolic receptor transformation

D. Physiological relevance of receptor transformation before the discovery of hsp90 binding

IV. Molybdate Stabilization of Receptors

A. Stabilization of steroid binding activity

B. Inhibition of transformation

C. Mechanism of molybdate stabilization

V. Purification of Untransformed Receptors Leads to hsp90

A. The untransformed receptor is a heterocomplex

B. Antibodies against the 90-kDa protein

C. The 90-kDa receptor-associated protein is hsp90

VI. Role of hsp90 in Receptor Function

A. General properties of hsp90

B. Stoichiometry of receptor·hsp90 complex

C. hsp90 Binds to the receptor HBD

D. Region of hsp90 that binds receptor

E. Requirement of hsp90 for steroid binding

F. Receptor transformation and hsp90 dissociation

G. Receptor inactivation by hsp90

H. Evidence that hsp90 is a physiologically significant regulator of receptor function

I. Potential roles of hsp90 in receptor turnover and trafficking

VII. Other Proteins Recovered in Native Receptor Heterocomplexes

A. hsp70

B. p23

C. Immunophilins

VIII. The Receptor Heterocomplex Assembly Mechanism

A. The receptor·hsp90 heterocomplex assembly activity in reticulocyte lysate

B. Components of the heterocomplex assembly system

C. Effect of geldanamycin on heterocomplex assembly

D. The concept of a dynamic heterocomplex assembly machine

E. Heterocomplex assembly with hsp90 is a very basic and conserved process

IX. Other Proteins That Are Bound to hsp90

X. Summary

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				L. Pascual-Le Tallec and M. Lombes The Mineralocorticoid Receptor: A Journey Exploring Its Diversity and Specificity of Action Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2005; 19(9): 2211 - 2221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. A. Adjei and M. Hidalgo Intracellular Signal Transduction Pathway Proteins As Targets for Cancer Therapy J. Clin. Oncol., August 10, 2005; 23(23): 5386 - 5403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. S. Kim, S.-W. Jang, H. J. Sung, H. J. Lee, I. S. Kim, D. S. Na, and J. Ko Role of 14-3-3{eta} as a Positive Regulator of the Glucocorticoid Receptor Transcriptional Activation Endocrinology, July 1, 2005; 146(7): 3133 - 3140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Wang and S. S. Simons Jr. Corepressor Binding to Progesterone and Glucocorticoid Receptors Involves the Activation Function-1 Domain and Is Inhibited by Molybdate Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2005; 19(6): 1483 - 1500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. M. Schaaf, L. J. Lewis-Tuffin, and J. A. Cidlowski Ligand-Selective Targeting of the Glucocorticoid Receptor to Nuclear Subdomains Is Associated with Decreased Receptor Mobility Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2005; 19(6): 1501 - 1515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Chwalisz, M. C. Perez, D. DeManno, C. Winkel, G. Schubert, and W. Elger Selective Progesterone Receptor Modulator Development and Use in the Treatment of Leiomyomata and Endometriosis Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2005; 26(3): 423 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Yoshikawa, K. Yamamoto, N. Shimizu, S. Yamada, C. Morimoto, and H. Tanaka The Distinct Agonistic Properties of the Phenylpyrazolosteroid Cortivazol Reveal Interdomain Communication within the Glucocorticoid Receptor Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2005; 19(5): 1110 - 1124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Fagart, C. Seguin, G. M. Pinon, and M.-E. Rafestin-Oblin The Met852 Residue Is a Key Organizer of the Ligand-Binding Cavity of the Human Mineralocorticoid Receptor Mol. Pharmacol., May 1, 2005; 67(5): 1714 - 1722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. F. Walther, E. Atlas, A. Carrigan, Y. Rouleau, A. Edgecombe, L. Visentin, C. Lamprecht, G. C. Addicks, R. J. G. Hache, and Y. A. Lefebvre A Serine/Threonine-rich Motif Is One of Three Nuclear Localization Signals That Determine Unidirectional Transport of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor to the Nucleus J. Biol. Chem., April 29, 2005; 280(17): 17549 - 17561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. De Nardo, P. Masendycz, S. Ho, M. Cross, A. J. Fleetwood, E. C. Reynolds, J. A. Hamilton, and G. M. Scholz A Central Role for the Hsp90{middle dot}Cdc37 Molecular Chaperone Module in Interleukin-1 Receptor-associated-kinase-dependent Signaling by Toll-like Receptors J. Biol. Chem., March 18, 2005; 280(11): 9813 - 9822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. S. Bachmann, R. Gorman, K. L. MacKenzie, L. Lutze-Mann, and R. B. Lock Dexamethasone resistance in B-cell precursor childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs downstream of ligand-induced nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor Blood, March 15, 2005; 105(6): 2519 - 2526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. E. Carrigan, D. L. Riggs, M. Chinkers, and D. F. Smith Functional Comparison of Human and Drosophila Hop Reveals Novel Role in Steroid Receptor Maturation J. Biol. Chem., March 11, 2005; 280(10): 8906 - 8911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Burd, C. E. Petre, H. Moghadam, E. M. Wilson, and K. E. Knudsen Cyclin D1 Binding to the Androgen Receptor (AR) NH2-Terminal Domain Inhibits Activation Function 2 Association and Reveals Dual Roles for AR Corepression Mol. Endocrinol., March 1, 2005; 19(3): 607 - 620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P. Goetz, D. Toft, J. Reid, M. Ames, B. Stensgard, S. Safgren, A. A. Adjei, J. Sloan, P. Atherton, V. Vasile, et al. Phase I Trial of 17-Allylamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin in Patients With Advanced Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., February 20, 2005; 23(6): 1078 - 1087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. M. Wochnik, J. Ruegg, G. A. Abel, U. Schmidt, F. Holsboer, and T. Rein FK506-binding Proteins 51 and 52 Differentially Regulate Dynein Interaction and Nuclear Translocation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Mammalian Cells J. Biol. Chem., February 11, 2005; 280(6): 4609 - 4616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Balashova, F.-J. Chang, M. Lamothe, Q. Sun, and A. Beuve Characterization of a Novel Type of Endogenous Activator of Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase J. Biol. Chem., January 21, 2005; 280(3): 2186 - 2196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. J. Squires, T. Sueyoshi, and M. Negishi Cytoplasmic Localization of Pregnane X Receptor and Ligand-dependent Nuclear Translocation in Mouse Liver J. Biol. Chem., November 19, 2004; 279(47): 49307 - 49314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. M. Necela and J. A. Cidlowski Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Receptor Action in Noninflammatory and Inflammatory Cells Proceedings of the ATS, November 1, 2004; 1(3): 239 - 246. [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Iwasaki Recent Advances in the Treatment of Graft-Versus-Host Disease Clin. Med. Res., November 1, 2004; 2(4): 243 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]