This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Clark, R. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Clark, R. Pubmed/NCBI databases Substance via MeSH

The Somatogenic Hormones and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1: Stimulators of Lymphopoiesis and Immune Function

Endocrinology Group, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080

I. Introduction

II. Local GH Axis in Lymphoid Tissue

A. Background: extrapituitary production?

B. GH expression

C. GH regulation

D. GHRs

E. GHR signaling

III. GH Administration

A. Effects on the thymus

B. Pattern of GH exposure

C. GH and immune function in humans

IV. PRL

A. PRL expression in lymphoid tissues

B. PRL receptors

C. Administration of PRL, anti-PRL antibodies, or bromocriptine

V. Insulin-like Growth Factors

A. Background

B. IGF peptides

C. Regulation of lymphocyte IGF-I

D. IGF receptors on lymphocytes

E. IGFBPs

VI. Actions of IGF-I

A. Bone marrow

B. Effects on lymphoid organ size

C. Effect of in vivo treatment on lymphocyte number and in vitro function

D. Functional effects of IGF-I in vivo: antibody responses

E. Immune reconstitution

F. Mechanism of action: apoptosis

VII. IGF-I in Different Physiological States

A. IGF-I in pregnancy

B. IGF-I in diabetes

C. IGF-I in gastrointestinal disorders

D. IGF-I action in polycythemia vera

VIII. GH/IGF-I as Antistress Hormones

IX. Therapeutic Potential

X. Conclusions\.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				R. C. Kaplan, A. L. Fitzpatrick, M. N. Pollak, J. P. Gardner, N. S. Jenny, A. P. McGinn, L. H. Kuller, H. D. Strickler, M. Kimura, B. M. Psaty, et al. Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Leukocyte Telomere Length: The Cardiovascular Health Study J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, April 6, 2009; (2009) glp036v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-W. Chu, S. Schmitz, B. Choudhury, W. Telford, V. Kapoor, S. Garfield, D. Howe, and R. E. Gress Exogenous insulin-like growth factor 1 enhances thymopoiesis predominantly through thymic epithelial cell expansion Blood, October 1, 2008; 112(7): 2836 - 2846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Khan, H. J. Lee, W. S. Lee, H. S. Kim, K. S. Ki, T. Y. Hur, G. H. Suh, S. J. Kang, and Y. J. Choi Structural Growth, Rumen Development, and Metabolic and Immune Responses of Holstein Male Calves Fed Milk Through Step-Down and Conventional Methods J Dairy Sci, July 1, 2007; 90(7): 3376 - 3387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Adriani, C. Garbi, G. Amodio, I. Russo, M. Giovannini, S. Amorosi, E. Matrecano, E. Cosentini, F. Candotti, and C. Pignata Functional Interaction of Common {gamma}-Chain and Growth Hormone Receptor Signaling Apparatus J. Immunol., November 15, 2006; 177(10): 6889 - 6895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Bartlett, F. K. McKeith, M. J. VandeHaar, G. E. Dahl, and J. K. Drackley Growth and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein at two feeding rates J Anim Sci, June 1, 2006; 84(6): 1454 - 1467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Hansenne, C. Renard-Charlet, R. Greimers, and V. Geenen Dendritic cell differentiation and immune tolerance to insulin-related peptides in igf2-deficient mice. J. Immunol., April 15, 2006; 176(8): 4651 - 4657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T Yada, H Kaiya, K Mutoh, T Azuma, S Hyodo, and K Kangawa Ghrelin stimulates phagocytosis and superoxide production in fish leukocytes. J. Endocrinol., April 1, 2006; 189(1): 57 - 65. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. B. Hanley, L. A. Napolitano, and J. M. McCune Growth Hormone-Induced Stimulation of Multilineage Human Hematopoiesis Stem Cells, September 1, 2005; 23(8): 1170 - 1179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. G. Smith Development of Growth Hormone Secretagogues Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2005; 26(3): 346 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Pagani, C. Meazza, P. Travaglino, F. De Benedetti, C. Tinelli, and M. Bozzola Serum cytokine levels in GH-deficient children during substitutive GH therapy Eur. J. Endocrinol., February 1, 2005; 152(2): 207 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Kooijman and A. Coppens Insulin-like growth factor-I stimulates IL-10 production in human T cells J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2004; 76(4): 862 - 867. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Lee, K. Hanspers, C. S. Barker, A. P. Korn, and J. M. McCune Gene expression profiles during human CD4+ T cell differentiation Int. Immunol., August 1, 2004; 16(8): 1109 - 1124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Nonnecke, M. R. Foote, J. M. Smith, B. A. Pesch, and M. E. Van Amburgh Composition and Functional Capacity of Blood Mononuclear Leukocyte Populations from Neonatal Calves on Standard and Intensified Milk Replacer Diets J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2003; 86(11): 3592 - 3604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Ikushima, M. Kanaoka, and S. Kojima Cutting Edge: Requirement for Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis J. Immunol., September 15, 2003; 171(6): 2769 - 2772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Lange, B. Perras, H. L. Fehm, and J. Born Sleep Enhances the Human Antibody Response to Hepatitis A Vaccination Psychosom Med, September 1, 2003; 65(5): 831 - 835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. M. Naranjo, S. Yakar, M. Sanchez-Gomez, A. U. Perez, J. Setser, and D. LERoith Protein Calorie Restriction Affects Nonhepatic IGF-I Production and the Lymphoid System: Studies Using the Liver-Specific IGF-I Gene-Deleted Mouse Model Endocrinology, June 1, 2002; 143(6): 2233 - 2241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Kooijman, A. Coppens, and E. Hooghe-Peters IGF-I Inhibits Spontaneous Apoptosis in Human Granulocytes Endocrinology, April 1, 2002; 143(4): 1206 - 1212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. WINN, A. PAUL, A. MUSARO, and N. ROSENTHAL Insulin-like Growth Factor Isoforms in Skeletal Muscle Aging, Regeneration, and Disease Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 2002; 67(0): 507 - 518. [Abstract] [PDF]

				G. Barbano, F. Cappa, I. Prigione, V. Pistoia, A. Cohen, S. Chiesa, R. Gusmano, and F. Perfumo Plasma levels of soluble CD30 are increased in children with chronic renal failure and with primary growth deficiency and decrease during treatment with recombination human growth hormone Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2001; 16(9): 1807 - 1813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. C. Nindl, W. J. Kraemer, J. O. Marx, P. J. Arciero, K. Dohi, M. D. Kellogg, and G. A. Loomis Overnight responses of the circulating IGF-I system after acute, heavy-resistance exercise J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2001; 90(4): 1319 - 1326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. C. Koo, C. Huang, R. Camacho, C. Trainor, J. T. Blake, A. Sirotina-Meisher, K. D. Schleim, T.-J. Wu, K. Cheng, R. Nargund, et al. Immune Enhancing Effect of a Growth Hormone Secretagogue J. Immunol., March 15, 2001; 166(6): 4195 - 4201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Recher, M. Raccurt, A. Lambert, P. E. Lobie, H. C. Mertani, and G. Morel Prenatal and Adult Growth Hormone Gene Expression in Rat Lymphoid Organs J. Histochem. Cytochem., March 1, 2001; 49(3): 347 - 354. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. H. Zarkesh-Esfahani, O. Kolstad, R. A. Metcalfe, P. F. Watson, S. Von Laue, S. Walters, A. Revhaug, A. P. Weetman, and R. J. M. Ross High-Dose Growth Hormone Does Not Affect Proinflammatory Cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha}, Interleukin-6, and Interferon-{gamma}) Release from Activated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or after Minimal to Moderate Surgical Stress J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2000; 85(9): 3383 - 3390. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. Savino and M. Dardenne Neuroendocrine Control of Thymus Physiology Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2000; 21(4): 412 - 443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Fruchtman, L. Jackson, and R. Borski Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Disparately Regulates Prolactin and Growth Hormone Synthesis and Secretion: Studies Using the Teleost Pituitary Model Endocrinology, August 1, 2000; 141(8): 2886 - 2894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Beuschlein, C. J. Strasburger, V. Siegerstetter, D. Moradpour, P. Lichter, M. Bidlingmaier, H. E. Blum, and M. Reincke Acromegaly Caused by Secretion of Growth Hormone by a Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma N. Engl. J. Med., June 22, 2000; 342(25): 1871 - 1876. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Dorshkind and N. D. Horseman The Roles of Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I, and Thyroid Hormones in Lymphocyte Development and Function: Insights from Genetic Models of Hormone and Hormone Receptor Deficiency Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2000; 21(3): 292 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				O. Kecha, F. Brilot, H. Martens, N. Franchimont, C. Renard, R. Greimers, M.-P. Defresne, R. Winkler, and V. Geenen Involvement of Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Early T Cell Development: A Study Using Fetal Thymic Organ Cultures Endocrinology, March 1, 2000; 141(3): 1209 - 1217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Smink, J. G. Koster, B. I. Hendriks-Stegeman, and S. C. van Buul-Offers Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) II Induced Changes in Expression of IGF Binding Proteins in Lymphoid Tissues of hIGF-II Transgenic Mice Endocrinology, December 1, 1999; 140(12): 5876 - 5882. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. P. Foster, E. Montecino-Rodriguez, and K. Dorshkind Proliferation of Bone Marrow Pro-B Cells Is Dependent on Stimulation by the Pituitary/Thyroid Axis J. Immunol., December 1, 1999; 163(11): 5883 - 5890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Varedi, G. H. Greeley Jr., D. N. Herndon, and E. W. Englander A thermal injury-induced circulating factor(s) compromises intestinal cell morphology, proliferation, and migration Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, July 1, 1999; 277(1): G175 - G182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Derwahl, M. Broecker, and Z. Kraiem Thyrotropin May Not Be the Dominant Growth Factor in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Tumors J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 1999; 84(3): 829 - 834. [Full Text]

				E. Montecino-Rodriguez, R. Clark, and K. Dorshkind Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Administration and Bone Marrow Transplantation on Thymopoiesis in Aged Mice Endocrinology, October 1, 1998; 139(10): 4120 - 4126. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Sauer, U. Renner, U. Hopfner, M. Lange, A. Müller, C. J. Strasburger, U. Pagotto, E. Arzt, and G. K. Stalla Interleukin-1{beta} Enhances Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Content in Human Somatotroph Adenoma Cell Cultures J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1998; 83(7): 2429 - 2434. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. S. Hinton, C. A. Peterson, E. M. Dahly, and D. M. Ney IGF-I alters lymphocyte survival and regeneration in thymus and spleen after dexamethasone treatment Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 1998; 274(4): R912 - R920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Saito, N. Motomura, H. Lou, P. W. Ramwell, M. L. Foegh, DSc, Sponsor:, and E. A. Lefrak SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN ON GROWTH FACTOR AND MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS II ANTIGEN EXPRESSION IN RAT AORTIC ALLOGRAFT J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., November 1, 1997; 114(5): 803 - 810. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				O. Khorram, M. Yeung, L. Vu, and S. S. C. Yen Effects of [Norleucine27]Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) (1-29)-NH2 Administration on the Immune System of Aging Men and Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1997; 82(11): 3590 - 3596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]