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Endocrine Reviews 18 (1): 46-70
Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society

Studies of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Action Using GnRH Receptor-Expressing Pituitary Cell Lines1

Ursula B. Kaiser, P. Michael Conn and William W. Chin

Division of Genetics (U.B.K., W.W.C.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Oregon Regional Primate Research Center (P.M.C.), Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098

I. Introduction
II. GnRHR Structure Analysis
III. Studies of GnRH Action in {alpha}T3-1 Cells
A. Derivation of {alpha}T3-1 cells
B. Characterization of {alpha}T3-1 cells
C. GnRH binding
D. GnRHR regulation
1. Homologous regulation by GnRH
2. Regulation by gonadal steroid hormones
3. Regulation by gonadal peptides
4. Regulation by second messenger activators
E. Intracellular second messengers
1. G protein coupling
2. Inositol phosphates
3. Intracellular calcium
4. Protein kinase C
5. cAMP
6. Mitogen-activated protein kinases
F. {alpha}-Subunit gene expression
1. Cell-specific expression
2. GnRH-stimulated expression
G. Desensitization
H. Summary of GnRH action in {alpha}T3-1 cells
IV. Studies of GnRH Action in GH3 Cells Transfected with the GnRH Receptor (GGH3 Cells)
A. Derivation of GH3 cells
B. Characterization of GH3 cells
C. Derivation of GH3 cells transfected with the GnRHR (GGH3 cells)
D. GnRH binding
E. GnRHR regulation
F. Intracellular second messengers
1. G protein coupling
2. Inositol phosphates
3. cAMP
G. Regulation of secretion
1. PRL
2. LH and FSH (in GH3 cells transfected with the {alpha}-, LHß-, and FSHß-subunit genes)
3. Secretogranin-II
H. Regulation of PRL mRNA
I. Regulation of expression of transiently expressed reporter genes
1. PRL vs. {alpha}-subunit gene
2. {alpha}-, LHß-, and FSHß-subunit genes
J. Summary of GnRH action in GGH3 cells
V. Studies of GnRH Action in Other Pituitary Cell Lines
A. RC-4B/C cells
B. LßT2 cells
VI. Future Directions




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Endocrinology, May 1, 1999; 140(5): 2241 - 2251.
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J. J. Tremblay and J. Drouin
Egr-1 Is a Downstream Effector of GnRH and Synergizes by Direct Interaction with Ptx1 and SF-1 To Enhance Luteinizing Hormone beta  Gene Transcription
Mol. Cell. Biol., April 1, 1999;