Clinical Aspects of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults
HANS DE BOER,
GEERT-JAN BLOK and
EDUARD A. VAN DER VEEN
Department of Endocrinology, Free University Hospital, 1007 MB Amesterdam The Netherlands
Correspondence: Address requests for reprints to: H. de Boer, M.D., Free University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Abstract
I. Introduction: GRADUALLY it is being realized that GH may have important physiologicalfunctions in adult man. Until recently, GH was only used totreat short statured children with established GH deficiency(GHD), and it remains common practice to discontinue GH replacementtherapy when final height is reached. From a physiological pointof view, it is questionable whether this approach is appropriatesince it is well known that GH secretion persists throughoutlife (1–5). Daily GH production reaches its maximum duringpuberty (3–5). Thereafter, the GH secretion rate graduallydecreases with age (3).
Recently, several studies have shown that GHD in adults is associatedwith abnormalities in body composition (6–14), metabolicderangements (15–17), and suboptimal physical performance(18–20). Since recombinant technology has solved the limitationsin GH supply, policies concerning GH replacement therapy inman may now be reconsidered. The studies performed in GHD adultsuniformly suggest that these patients benefit from GH replacementtherapy (19–34). However, it has also become clear thatGH substitution is not without side effects. The purpose ofthis review is to describe and analyze the reported findingsin untreated GHD adults as well as to evaluate the effects andside effects of GH replacement therapy. The pharmacologicalaspects of GH treatment in GHD subjects have been addressedrecently (35).
This article has been cited by other articles:
G Brabant, E M Poll, P Jonsson, D Polydorou, and I Kreitschmann-Andermahr Etiology, baseline characteristics, and biochemical diagnosis of GH deficiency in the adult: are there regional variations?
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
November 1, 2009;
161(suppl_1):
S25 - S31.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A Mukherjee and S M Shalet The value of IGF1 estimation in adults with GH deficiency
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
November 1, 2009;
161(suppl_1):
S33 - S39.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Verhelst and R. Abs Cardiovascular risk factors in hypopituitary GH-deficient adults
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
November 1, 2009;
161(suppl_1):
S41 - S49.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
O. Klefter and U. Feldt-Rasmussen Is increase in bone mineral content caused by increase in skeletal muscle mass/strength in adult patients with GH-treated GH deficiency? A systematic literature analysis
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
August 1, 2009;
161(2):
213 - 221.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. Ohlsson, S. Mohan, K. Sjogren, A. Tivesten, J. Isgaard, O. Isaksson, J.-O. Jansson, and J. Svensson The Role of Liver-Derived Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I
Endocr. Rev.,
August 1, 2009;
30(5):
494 - 535.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. Giustina, G. Mazziotti, and E. Canalis Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factors, and the Skeleton
Endocr. Rev.,
August 1, 2008;
29(5):
535 - 559.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. A van der Klaauw, A. M Pereira, T. J Rabelink, E. P M Corssmit, A.-J. Zonneveld, H. Pijl, H. C de Boer, J. W A Smit, J. A Romijn, and E. J P de Koning Recombinant human GH replacement increases CD34+ cells and improves endothelial function in adults with GH deficiency
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
August 1, 2008;
159(2):
105 - 111.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
L.-L. Norrman, G. Johannsson, K. S. Sunnerhagen, and J. Svensson Baseline Characteristics and the Effects of Two Years of Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement Therapy in Adults with GH Deficiency Previously Treated for Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
July 1, 2008;
93(7):
2531 - 2538.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. Liu, D. M. Bravata, I. Olkin, A. Friedlander, V. Liu, B. Roberts, E. Bendavid, O. Saynina, S. R. Salpeter, A. M. Garber, et al. Systematic Review: The Effects of Growth Hormone on Athletic Performance
Ann Intern Med,
May 20, 2008;
148(10):
747 - 758.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. L. M. Oliveira, M. H. Aguiar-Oliveira, A. D'Oliveira Jr, R. M. C. Pereira, C. R. P. Oliveira, C. T. Farias, J. A. Barreto-Filho, F. D. Anjos-Andrade, C. Marques-Santos, A. C. Nascimento-Junior, et al. Congenital Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency and Atherosclerosis: Effects of GH Replacement in GH-Naive Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
December 1, 2007;
92(12):
4664 - 4670.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Gibney, M.-L. Healy, and P. H. Sonksen The Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Axis in Exercise and Sport
Endocr. Rev.,
October 1, 2007;
28(6):
603 - 624.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
N. di Iorgi, A. Secco, F. Napoli, C. Tinelli, A. Calcagno, N. Fratangeli, L. Ambrosini, A. Rossi, R. Lorini, and M. Maghnie Deterioration of Growth Hormone (GH) Response and Anterior Pituitary Function in Young Adults with Childhood-Onset GH Deficiency and Ectopic Posterior Pituitary: A Two-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 2007;
92(10):
3875 - 3884.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. D. Veldhuis, M. Cosma, D. Erickson, R. Paulo, K. Mielke, L. S. Farhy, and C. Y. Bowers Tripartite Control of Growth Hormone Secretion in Women during Controlled Estradiol Repletion
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
June 1, 2007;
92(6):
2336 - 2345.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
R. Lindberg-Larsen, N. Moller, O. Schmitz, S. Nielsen, M. Andersen, H. Orskov, and J. O. L. Jorgensen The Impact of Pegvisomant Treatment on Substrate Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity in Patients with Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
May 1, 2007;
92(5):
1724 - 1728.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
P. Marzullo, C. Marcassa, R. Campini, E. Eleuteri, A. Minocci, A. Sartorio, R. Vettor, A. Liuzzi, and G. Grugni Conditional Cardiovascular Response to Growth Hormone Therapy in Adult Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
April 1, 2007;
92(4):
1364 - 1371.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. Gotherstrom, B.-A. Bengtsson, I. Bosaeus, G. Johannsson, and J. Svensson A 10-Year, Prospective Study of the Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement in Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
April 1, 2007;
92(4):
1442 - 1445.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. Liu, D. M. Bravata, I. Olkin, S. Nayak, B. Roberts, A. M. Garber, and A. R. Hoffman Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone in the Healthy Elderly
Ann Intern Med,
January 16, 2007;
146(2):
104 - 115.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
E. R. Schwarz, P. Jammula, R. Gupta, and S. Rosanio A Case and Review of Acromegaly-Induced Cardiomyopathy and the Relationship Between Growth Hormone and Heart Failure: Cause or Cure or Neither or Both?
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
December 1, 2006;
11(4):
232 - 244.
[Abstract][PDF]
A A van der Klaauw, J A Romijn, N R Biermasz, J W A Smit, J van Doorn, O M Dekkers, F Roelfsema, and A M Pereira Sustained effects of recombinant GH replacement after 7 years of treatment in adults with GH deficiency.
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
November 1, 2006;
155(5):
701 - 708.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
C. Franco, G. Johannsson, B.-A. Bengtsson, and J. Svensson Baseline Characteristics and Effects of Growth Hormone Therapy over Two Years in Younger and Elderly Adults with Adult Onset GH Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
November 1, 2006;
91(11):
4408 - 4414.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Svensson, G. Johannsson, A. Iranmanesh, K. Albertsson-Wikland, J. D Veldhuis, and B.-A. Bengtsson GH secretory pattern in young adults who discontinued GH treatment for GH deficiency and decreased longitudinal growth in childhood.
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
July 1, 2006;
155(1):
91 - 99.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. J. Martinez-Fuentes, J. Moreno-Fernandez, R. Vazquez-Martinez, M. Duran-Prado, A. de la Riva, M. Tena-Sempere, C. Dieguez, L. Jimenez-Reina, S. M. Webb, A. Pumar, et al. Ghrelin Is Produced by and Directly Activates Corticotrope Cells from Adrenocorticotropin-Secreting Adenomas
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
June 1, 2006;
91(6):
2225 - 2231.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. E. Molitch, D. R. Clemmons, S. Malozowski, G. R. Merriam, S. M. Shalet, M. L. Vance, and for The Endocrine Society's Clinical Guidelines Su Evaluation and Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
May 1, 2006;
91(5):
1621 - 1634.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. Segal-Lieberman, H. Rubinfeld, M. Glick, N. Kronfeld-Schor, and I. Shimon Melanin-concentrating hormone stimulates human growth hormone secretion: a novel effect of MCH on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,
May 1, 2006;
290(5):
E982 - E988.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
V K B Prabhakar and S M Shalet Aetiology, diagnosis, and management of hypopituitarism in adult life.
Postgrad. Med. J.,
April 1, 2006;
82(966):
259 - 266.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
R. D. Murray, J. E. Adams, and S. M. Shalet A Densitometric and Morphometric Analysis of the Skeleton in Adults with Varying Degrees of Growth Hormone Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
February 1, 2006;
91(2):
432 - 438.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Kohrle, F. Jakob, B. Contempre, and J. E. Dumont Selenium, the Thyroid, and the Endocrine System
Endocr. Rev.,
December 1, 2005;
26(7):
944 - 984.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. R. Hoffman, B. M. K. Biller, D. Cook, J. Baptista, B. L. Silverman, L. Dao, K. M. Attie, P. Fielder, T. Maneatis, B. Lippe, et al. Efficacy of a Long-Acting Growth Hormone (GH) Preparation in Patients with Adult GH Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
December 1, 2005;
90(12):
6431 - 6440.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
P. Marzullo, C. Marcassa, R. Campini, E. Eleuteri, A. Minocci, L. Priano, P. Temporelli, A. Sartorio, R. Vettor, A. Liuzzi, et al. The Impact of Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Axis and Nocturnal Breathing Disorders on Cardiovascular Features of Adult Patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 2005;
90(10):
5639 - 5646.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Bollerslev, J. Hallen, K. J Fougner, A. P. Jorgensen, C. Kristo, H. Fagertun, O. Gudmundsen, P. Burman, and T. Schreiner Low-dose GH improves exercise capacity in adults with GH deficiency: effects of a 22-month placebo-controlled, crossover trial
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
September 1, 2005;
153(3):
379 - 387.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. Corneli, C. Di Somma, R. Baldelli, S. Rovere, V. Gasco, C. G. Croce, S. Grottoli, M. Maccario, A. Colao, G. Lombardi, et al. The cut-off limits of the GH response to GH-releasing hormone-arginine test related to body mass index
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
August 1, 2005;
153(2):
257 - 264.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
K. Chihara, E. Koledova, A. Shimatsu, Y. Kato, H. Kohno, T. Tanaka, A. Teramoto, P. C Bates, and A. F Attanasio An individualized GH dose regimen for long-term GH treatment in Japanese patients with adult GH deficiency
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
July 1, 2005;
153(1):
57 - 65.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. D. Veldhuis, J. Frystyk, A. Iranmanesh, and H. Orskov Testosterone and Estradiol Regulate Free Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I), IGF Binding Protein 1 (IGFBP-1), and Dimeric IGF-I/IGFBP-1 Concentrations
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
May 1, 2005;
90(5):
2941 - 2947.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. Maghnie, G. Aimaretti, S. Bellone, G. Bona, J. Bellone, R. Baldelli, C. de Sanctis, L. Gargantini, R. Gastaldi, L. Ghizzoni, et al. Diagnosis of GH deficiency in the transition period: accuracy of insulin tolerance test and insulin-like growth factor-I measurement
Eur. J. Endocrinol.,
April 1, 2005;
152(4):
589 - 596.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
P. Koutkia, B. Canavan, J. Breu, and S. Grinspoon Effects of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone on Bone Turnover in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men with Fat Accumulation
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
April 1, 2005;
90(4):
2154 - 2160.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. Gola, S. Bonadonna, M. Doga, and A. Giustina Growth Hormone and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
March 1, 2005;
90(3):
1864 - 1870.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
P. Koutkia, B. Canavan, J. Breu, and S. Grinspoon Growth Hormone (GH) Responses to GH-Releasing Hormone-Arginine Testing in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Lipodystrophy
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
January 1, 2005;
90(1):
32 - 38.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H K Gleeson and S M Shalet The impact of cancer therapy on the endocrine system in survivors of childhood brain tumours
Endocr. Relat. Cancer,
December 1, 2004;
11(4):
589 - 602.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
R. Bouillon, E. Koledova, O. Bezlepkina, J. Nijs, E. Shavrikhova, E. Nagaeva, O. Chikulaeva, V. Peterkova, I. Dedov, A. Bakulin, et al. Bone Status and Fracture Prevalence in Russian Adults with Childhood-Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 2004;
89(10):
4993 - 4998.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. R. Hoffman, C. J. Strasburger, A. Zagar, W. F. Blum, A. Kehely, and M. L. Hartman Efficacy and Tolerability of an Individualized Dosing Regimen for Adult Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Comparison with Fixed Body Weight-Based Dosing
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
July 1, 2004;
89(7):
3224 - 3233.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. Svensson, B.-A. Bengtsson, T. Rosen, A. Oden, and G. Johannsson Malignant Disease and Cardiovascular Morbidity in Hypopituitary Adults with or without Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
July 1, 2004;
89(7):
3306 - 3312.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
R. D. Murray, B. Columb, J. E. Adams, and S. M. Shalet Low Bone Mass Is an Infrequent Feature of the Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Syndrome in Middle-Age Adults and the Elderly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
March 1, 2004;
89(3):
1124 - 1130.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. Lange, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, O. L. Svendsen, K. W. Kastrup, A. Juul, and J. Muller High Risk of Adrenal Insufficiency in Adults Previously Treated for Idiopathic Childhood Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
December 1, 2003;
88(12):
5784 - 5789.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
B. E. Engstrom, P. Burman, C. Holdstock, and F. A. Karlsson Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) on Ghrelin, Leptin, and Adiponectin in GH-Deficient Patients
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
November 1, 2003;
88(11):
5193 - 5198.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. R. Boquete, P. G. V. Sobrado, H. L. Fideleff, A. M. Sequera, A. V. Giaccio, M. G. Suarez, G. F. Ruibal, and M. Miras Evaluation of Diagnostic Accuracy of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I and IGF-Binding Protein-3 in Growth Hormone-Deficient Children and Adults Using ROC Plot Analysis
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 2003;
88(10):
4702 - 4708.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
R. Napoli, V. Guardasole, V. Angelini, F. D'Amico, E. Zarra, M. Matarazzo, and L. Sacca Acute Effects of Growth Hormone on Vascular Function in Human Subjects
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
June 1, 2003;
88(6):
2817 - 2820.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. C. Smith, H. A. Lane, J. Lewis, S. Dann, J. Goodfellow, P. Collins, L. M. Evans, M. F. Scanlon, and J. S. Davies Endothelial Function and Coagulant Factors in Growth Hormone-Treated Hypopituitary Adults Receiving Desmopressin
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
May 1, 2003;
88(5):
2152 - 2156.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. M. Buijs, J. A. Romijn, J. Burggraaf, M. L. de Kam, A. F. Cohen, M. Frolich, F. Stellaard, A. E. Meinders, and H. Pijl Growth Hormone Blunts Protein Oxidation and Promotes Protein Turnover to a Similar Extent in Abdominally Obese and Normal-Weight Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
December 1, 2002;
87(12):
5668 - 5674.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
E. F. Gevers, N. Loveridge, and I. C. A. F. Robinson Bone Marrow Adipocytes: A Neglected Target Tissue for Growth Hormone
Endocrinology,
October 1, 2002;
143(10):
4065 - 4073.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. M. Buijs, J. Burggraaf, J. G. Langendonk, R. C. Schoemaker, M. Frolich, J.-W. Arndt, A. F. Cohen, J. A. Romijn, M. T. Ackermans, H. P. Sauerwein, et al. Hyposomatotropism Blunts Lipolysis in Abdominally Obese Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
August 1, 2002;
87(8):
3851 - 3858.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
P. Lucidi, N. Parlanti, F. Piccioni, F. Santeusanio, and P. de Feo Short-Term Treatment with Low Doses of Recombinant Human GH Stimulates Lipolysis in Visceral Obese Men
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
July 1, 2002;
87(7):
3105 - 3109.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. Brevetti, P. Marzullo, A. Silvestro, R. Pivonello, G. Oliva, C. di Somma, G. Lombardi, and A. Colao Early Vascular Alterations in Acromegaly
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
July 1, 2002;
87(7):
3174 - 3179.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
B. M. K. Biller, M. H. Samuels, A. Zagar, D. M. Cook, B. M. Arafah, V. Bonert, S. Stavrou, D. L. Kleinberg, J. J. Chipman, and M. L. Hartman Sensitivity and Specificity of Six Tests for the Diagnosis of Adult GH Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
May 1, 2002;
87(5):
2067 - 2079.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. P Goldstone, A. E Brynes, E L. Thomas, J. D Bell, G. Frost, A. Holland, M. A Ghatei, and S. R Bloom Resting metabolic rate, plasma leptin concentrations, leptin receptor expression, and adipose tissue measured by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in women with Prader-Willi syndrome
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition,
March 1, 2002;
75(3):
468 - 475.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. E. Molitch Diagnosis of GH Deficiency in Adults--How Good Do the Criteria Need to Be?
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
February 1, 2002;
87(2):
473 - 476.
[Full Text][PDF]
P. Marzullo, C. Buckway, K. L. Pratt, A. Colao, J. Guevara-Aguirre, and R. G. Rosenfeld Leptin Concentrations in GH Deficiency: The Effect of GH Insensitivity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
February 1, 2002;
87(2):
540 - 545.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. Baratta, R. Saleri, G. L. Mainardi, D. Valle, A. Giustina, and C. Tamanini Leptin Regulates GH Gene Expression and Secretion and Nitric Oxide Production in Pig Pituitary Cells
Endocrinology,
February 1, 2002;
143(2):
551 - 557.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
P. Cohen, G. M. Bright, A. D. Rogol, A.-M. Kappelgaard, and R. G. Rosenfeld Effects of Dose and Gender on the Growth and Growth Factor Response to GH in GH-Deficient Children: Implications for Efficacy and Safety
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
January 1, 2002;
87(1):
90 - 98.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
R. D. Murray, K. H. Darzy, H. K. Gleeson, and S. M. Shalet GH-Deficient Survivors of Childhood Cancer: GH Replacement during Adult Life
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
January 1, 2002;
87(1):
129 - 135.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. M. Anderson, L. Wideman, J. T. Patrie, A. Weltman, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis E2 Supplementation Selectively Relieves GH's Autonegative Feedback on GH-Releasing Peptide-2-Stimulated GH Secretion
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
December 1, 2001;
86(12):
5904 - 5911.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
H. Pijl, J. G. Langendonk, J. Burggraaf, M. Frolich, A. F. Cohen, J. D. Veldhuis, and A. E. Meinders Altered Neuroregulation of GH Secretion in Viscerally Obese Premenopausal Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
November 1, 2001;
86(11):
5509 - 5515.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. Gotherstrom, J. Svensson, J. Koranyi, M. Alpsten, I. Bosaus, B.-A. Bengtsson, and G. Johannsson A Prospective Study of 5 Years of GH Replacement Therapy in GH-Deficient Adults: Sustained Effects on Body Composition, Bone Mass, and Metabolic Indices
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 2001;
86(10):
4657 - 4665.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
A. P. Goldstone, E. L. Thomas, A. E. Brynes, J. D. Bell, G. Frost, N. Saeed, J. V. Hajnal, J. K. Howard, A. Holland, and S. R. Bloom Visceral Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Complications of Obesity Are Reduced in Prader-Willi Syndrome Female Adults: Evidence for Novel Influences on Body Fat Distribution
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
September 1, 2001;
86(9):
4330 - 4338.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
W. M. Drake, S. J. Howell, J. P. Monson, and S. M. Shalet Optimizing GH Therapy in Adults and Children
Endocr. Rev.,
August 1, 2001;
22(4):
425 - 450.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
P. Marzullo, C. Di Somma, K. L. Pratt, J. Khosravi, A. Diamandis, G. Lombardi, A. Colao, and R. G. Rosenfeld Usefulness of Different Biochemical Markers of the Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) Family in Diagnosing Growth Hormone Excess and Deficiency in Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
July 1, 2001;
86(7):
3001 - 3008.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
N. R. Biermasz, N. A. T. Hamdy, Y. J. H. Janssen, and F. Roelfsema Additional Beneficial Effects of Alendronate in Growth Hormone (GH)-Deficient Adults with Osteoporosis Receiving Long-Term Recombinant Human GH Replacement Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
July 1, 2001;
86(7):
3079 - 3085.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
S. M. Anderson, N. Shah, W. S. Evans, J. T. Patrie, C. Y. Bowers, and J. D. Veldhuis Short-Term Estradiol Supplementation Augments Growth Hormone (GH) Secretory Responsiveness to Dose-Varying GH-Releasing Peptide Infusions in Healthy Postmenopausal Women
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
February 1, 2001;
86(2):
551 - 560.
[Abstract][Full Text]
B. Capaldo, V. Guardasole, F. Pardo, M. Matarazzo, F. Di Rella, F. Numis, B. Merola, S. Longobardi, and L. Sacca Abnormal Vascular Reactivity in Growth Hormone Deficiency
Circulation,
January 30, 2001;
103(4):
520 - 524.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
G. Aimaretti, C. Baffoni, S. Bellone, L. Di Vito, G. Corneli, E. Arvat, L. Benso, F. Camanni, and E. Ghigo Retesting Young Adults with Childhood-Onset Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency with GH-Releasing-Hormone-Plus-Arginine Test
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 2000;
85(10):
3693 - 3699.
[Abstract][Full Text]
G. Amato, G. Mazziotti, C. Di Somma, E. Lalli, G. De Felice, M. Conte, M. Rotondi, M. Pietrosante, G. Lombardi, A. Bellastella, et al. Recombinant Growth Hormone (GH) Therapy in GH-Deficient Adults: A Long-Term Controlled Study on Daily Versus Thrice Weekly Injections
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 2000;
85(10):
3720 - 3725.
[Abstract][Full Text]
A. Chrisoulidou, S. A. Beshyah, O. Rutherford, T. J. Spinks, J. Mayet, P. Kyd, V. Anyaoku, A. Haida, B. Ariff, M. Murphy, et al. Effects of 7 Years of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Hypopituitary Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 2000;
85(10):
3762 - 3769.
[Abstract][Full Text]
T. MAHAJAN and S. L. LIGHTMAN A Simple Test for Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
April 1, 2000;
85(4):
1473 - 1476.
[Abstract][Full Text]
A. Colao, A. Cuocolo, C. Di Somma, G. Cerbone, A. M. Della Morte, E. Nicolai, R. Lucci, M. Salvatore, and G. Lombardi Impaired Cardiac Performance in Elderly Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
November 1, 1999;
84(11):
3950 - 3955.
[Abstract][Full Text]
D. M. Cook, W. H. Ludlam, and M. B. Cook Route of Estrogen Administration Helps to Determine Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement Dose in GH-Deficient Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
November 1, 1999;
84(11):
3956 - 3960.
[Abstract][Full Text]
S. A. G. Kemink, J. T. M. Frijns, A. R. M. M. Hermus, G. F. F. M. Pieters, A. G. H. Smals, and W. D. Van Marken Lichtenbelt Body Composition Determined by Six Different Methods in Women Bilaterally Adrenalectomized for Treatment of Cushing's Disease
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
November 1, 1999;
84(11):
3991 - 3999.
[Abstract][Full Text]
J. S. Moore, J. P. Monson, G. Kaltsas, P. Putignano, P. J. Wood, M. C. Sheppard, G. M. Besser, N. F. Taylor, and P. M. Stewart Modulation of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Isozymes by Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
November 1, 1999;
84(11):
4172 - 4177.
[Abstract][Full Text]
J. G. Langendonk, A. E. Meinders, J. Burggraaf, M. Frolich, C. A. M. Roelen, R. C. Schoemaker, A. F. Cohen, and H. Pijl Influence of obesity and body fat distribution on growth hormone kinetics in humans
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,
November 1, 1999;
277(5):
E824 - E829.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
M. L. Vance and N. Mauras Growth Hormone Therapy in Adults and Children
N. Engl. J. Med.,
October 14, 1999;
341(16):
1206 - 1216.
[Full Text][PDF]
R. Bross, M. Javanbakht, and S. Bhasin Anabolic Interventions for Aging-Associated Sarcopenia
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
October 1, 1999;
84(10):
3420 - 3430.
[Full Text][PDF]
D. B. Allen Issues in the Transition From Childhood to Adult Growth Hormone Therapy
Pediatrics,
October 1, 1999;
104(4):
1004 - 1010.
[Abstract][Full Text]
A. Leal-Cerro, J. Povedano, R. Astorga, M. Gonzalez, H. Silva, F. Garcia-Pesquera, F. F. Casanueva, and C. Dieguez The Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Hormone - GH - Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Axis in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
September 1, 1999;
84(9):
3378 - 3381.
[Abstract][Full Text]
M. Gasperi, G. Aimaretti, G. Scarcello, G. Corneli, C. Cosci, E. Arvat, E. Martino, and E. Ghigo Low Dose Hexarelin and Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Hormone as a Diagnostic Tool for the Diagnosis of GH Deficiency in Adults: Comparison with Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia Test
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
August 1, 1999;
84(8):
2633 - 2637.
[Abstract][Full Text]
J. C. ter Maaten, H. de Boer, O. Kamp, L. Stuurman, and E. A. van der Veen Long-Term Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement in Men with Childhood-Onset GH Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
July 1, 1999;
84(7):
2373 - 2380.
[Abstract][Full Text]
A. Colao, C. Di Somma, R. Pivonello, S. Loche, G. Aimaretti, G. Cerbone, A. Faggiano, G. Corneli, E. Ghigo, and G. Lombardi Bone Loss Is Correlated to the Severity of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adult Patients with Hypopituitarism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
June 1, 1999;
84(6):
1919 - 1924.
[Abstract][Full Text]
A. Hilding, K. Hall, I.-L. Wivall-Helleryd, M. Sääf, A.-L. Melin, and M. Thorén Serum Levels of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in 152 Patients with Growth Hormone Deficiency, Aged 19-82 Years, in Relation to Those in Healthy Subjects
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
June 1, 1999;
84(6):
2013 - 2019.
[Abstract][Full Text]
J. Svensson, J.-O. Jansson, M. Ottosson, G. Johannsson, M.-R. Taskinen, O. Wiklund, and B.-A. Bengtsson Treatment of Obese Subjects with the Oral Growth Hormone Secretagogue MK-677 Affects Serum Concentrations of Several Lipoproteins, But Not Lipoprotein(a)
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
June 1, 1999;
84(6):
2028 - 2033.
[Abstract][Full Text]
E. Ghigo, G. Aimaretti, M. Maccario, G. Fanciulli, E. Arvat, F. Minuto, G. Giordano, G. Delitala, and F. Camanni Dose-response study of GH effects on circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels in healthy young men and women
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,
June 1, 1999;
276(6):
E1009 - E1013.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
J. S Bevan Management of pituitary tumours
BMJ,
May 8, 1999;
318(7193):
1226 - 1227.
[Full Text]
A. Colao, G. Cerbone, R. Pivonello, G. Aimaretti, S. Loche, C. Di Somma, A. Faggiano, G. Corneli, E. Ghigo, and G. Lombardi The Growth Hormone (GH) Response to the Arginine Plus GH-Releasing Hormone Test Is Correlated to the Severity of Lipid Profile Abnormalities in Adult Patients with GH Deficiency
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
April 1, 1999;
84(4):
1277 - 1282.
[Abstract][Full Text]
M. Maghnie, C. Strigazzi, C. Tinelli, M. Autelli, M. Cisternino, S. Loche, and F. Severi Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency (GHD) of Childhood Onset: Reassessment of GH Status and Evaluation of the Predictive Criteria for Permanent GHD in Young Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
April 1, 1999;
84(4):
1324 - 1328.
[Abstract][Full Text]
M. Pfeifer, R. Verhovec, B. Zizek, J. Prezelj, P. Poredos, and R. N. Clayton Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment Reverses Early Atherosclerotic Changes in GH-Deficient Adults
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
February 1, 1999;
84(2):
453 - 457.
[Abstract][Full Text]
J. A. M. de Boer, M. van der Meer, E. A. van der Veen, and J. Schoemaker Growth Hormone (GH) Substitution in Hypogonadotropic, GH-Deficient Women Decreases the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Threshold for Monofollicular Growth
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
February 1, 1999;
84(2):
590 - 595.
[Abstract][Full Text]
E. R. Christ, M. H. Cummings, E. Albany, A. M. Umpleby, P. J. Lumb, A. S. Wierzbicki, R. P. Naoumova, M. A. Boroujerdi, P. H. Sönksen, and D. L. Russell-Jones Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement Therapy on Very Low Density Lipoprotein Apolipoprotein B100 Kinetics in Patients with Adult GH Deficiency: A Stable Isotope Study
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
January 1, 1999;
84(1):
307 - 316.
[Abstract][Full Text]
M. W. Haymond Nutritional and Metabolic Endpoints
J. Nutr.,
January 1, 1999;
129(1):
273S - 273S.
[Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
D. M. Hoffman, R. Pallasser, M. Duncan, T. V. Nguyen, and K. K. Y. Ho How Is Whole Body Protein Turnover Perturbed in Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults?
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
December 1, 1998;
83(12):
4344 - 4349.
[Abstract][Full Text]
F. Cordido, T. Fernandez, T. Martinez, A. Peñalva, R. Peinó, F. F. Casanueva, and C. Dieguez Effect of Acute Pharmacological Reduction of Plasma Free Fatty Acids on Growth Hormone (GH) Releasing Hormone-Induced GH Secretion in Obese Adults with and without Hypopituitarism
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
December 1, 1998;
83(12):
4350 - 4354.
[Abstract][Full Text]
M. Federici, O. Porzio, D. Lauro, P. Borboni, B. Giovannone, L. Zucaro, M. L. Hribal, and G. Sesti Increased Abundance of Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Hybrid Receptors in Skeletal Muscle of Obese Subjects Is Correlated with In Vivo Insulin Sensitivity
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.,
August 1, 1998;
83(8):
2911 - 2915.
[Abstract][Full Text]
