This Article Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Copyright Permission Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by SACCÀ, L. Articles by FAZIO, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by SACCÀ, L. Articles by FAZIO, S.

Growth Hormone and the Heart

Department of Internal Medicine, Federico II University Medical School 80131 Naples, Italy

Correspondence: Address requests for reprints to: Luigi Sacca, M.D., Medicina Interna, via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.

Abstract

ALTHOUGH GH is primarily involved in the regulation of somatic growth, it also participates in the control number of physiological processes, e.g. maintenance muscle mass and strength, body composition, and regulation of nutrient metabolism (1–3). Traditionally, the relationships between GH and the cardiovascular system have long excited interest. This stems essentially from the clinical and epidemiological notion that patients with acromegaly have increased propensity to develop cardiovascular complications 4, 5). On the other hand, the impaired cardiac performance recently observed in subjects with GH deficiency points to role of GH in cardiac physiology (6–8).

Over the past few years, remarkable advancements have been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in GH action, including its effects on cardiac tissue. There is now solid evidence implicating GH and/or its local effector insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the intricate cascade of events connected with the regulation of heart development and hypertrophy (9–11).

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Ohlsson, S. Mohan, K. Sjogren, A. Tivesten, J. Isgaard, O. Isaksson, J.-O. Jansson, and J. Svensson The Role of Liver-Derived Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2009; 30(5): 494 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Bogazzi, F. Raggi, F. Ultimieri, D. Russo, A. D'Alessio, A. Manariti, S. Brogioni, L. Manetti, and E. Martino Regulation of cardiac fatty acids metabolism in transgenic mice overexpressing bovine GH J. Endocrinol., June 1, 2009; 201(3): 419 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Bogazzi, D. Russo, F. Raggi, F. Ultimieri, C. Urbani, M. Gasperi, L. Bartalena, and E. Martino Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Growth Hormone (GH) Have Reduced or Increased Cardiac Apoptosis through Activation of Multiple GH-Dependent or -Independent Cell Death Pathways Endocrinology, November 1, 2008; 149(11): 5758 - 5769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.-L. Norrman, G. Johannsson, K. S. Sunnerhagen, and J. Svensson Baseline Characteristics and the Effects of Two Years of Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement Therapy in Adults with GH Deficiency Previously Treated for Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2008; 93(7): 2531 - 2538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Bogazzi, L. Battolla, C. Spinelli, G. Rossi, S. Gavioli, V. Di Bello, C. Cosci, C. Sardella, D. Volterrani, E. Talini, et al. Risk Factors for Development of Coronary Heart Disease in Patients with Acromegaly: A Five-Year Prospective Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2007; 92(11): 4271 - 4277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Gibney, M.-L. Healy, and P. H. Sonksen The Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Axis in Exercise and Sport Endocr. Rev., October 1, 2007; 28(6): 603 - 624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Bogazzi, F. Raggi, F. Ultimieri, D. Russo, A. Manariti, A. D'Alessio, P. Viacava, G. Fanelli, M. Gasperi, L. Bartalena, et al. Cardiac expression of adenine nucleotide translocase-1 in transgenic mice overexpressing bovine GH J. Endocrinol., September 1, 2007; 194(3): 521 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Maison, A.-I. Tropeano, I. Macquin-Mavier, A. Giustina, and P. Chanson Impact of Somatostatin Analogs on the Heart in Acromegaly: A Metaanalysis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2007; 92(5): 1743 - 1747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. R. Schwarz, P. Jammula, R. Gupta, and S. Rosanio A Case and Review of Acromegaly-Induced Cardiomyopathy and the Relationship Between Growth Hormone and Heart Failure: Cause or Cure or Neither or Both? Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, December 1, 2006; 11(4): 232 - 244. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. Baessler, A. E. Kwitek, M. Fischer, M. Koehler, W. Reinhard, J. Erdmann, G. Riegger, A. Doering, H. Schunkert, and C. Hengstenberg Association of the Ghrelin Receptor Gene Region With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in the General Population: Results of the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Echocardiographic Substudy Hypertension, May 1, 2006; 47(5): 920 - 927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Hoffman, B. M. K. Biller, D. Cook, J. Baptista, B. L. Silverman, L. Dao, K. M. Attie, P. Fielder, T. Maneatis, B. Lippe, et al. Efficacy of a Long-Acting Growth Hormone (GH) Preparation in Patients with Adult GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2005; 90(12): 6431 - 6440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Gaussin and C. Depre Myostatin, the cardiac chalone of insulin-like growth factor-1 Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2005; 68(3): 347 - 349. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S W van Thiel, J J Bax, N R Biermasz, E R Holman, D Poldermans, F Roelfsema, H J Lamb, E E van der Wall, J W A Smit, J A Romijn, et al. Persistent diastolic dysfunction despite successful long-term octreotide treatment in acromegaly Eur. J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2005; 153(2): 231 - 238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Lanes, A. Soros, K. Flores, P. Gunczler, E. Carrillo, and J. Bandel Endothelial Function, Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness, Epicardial Adipose Tissue, and Left Ventricular Mass and Function in Growth Hormone-Deficient Adolescents: Apparent Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment on These Parameters J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2005; 90(7): 3978 - 3982. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. E. Lipshultz, S. A. Vlach, S. R. Lipsitz, S. E. Sallan, M. L. Schwartz, and S. D. Colan Cardiac Changes Associated With Growth Hormone Therapy Among Children Treated With Anthracyclines Pediatrics, June 1, 2005; 115(6): 1613 - 1622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Bihan, C. Espinosa, H. Valdes-Socin, S. Salenave, J. Young, S. Levasseur, P. Assayag, A. Beckers, and P. Chanson Long-Term Outcome of Patients with Acromegaly and Congestive Heart Failure J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2004; 89(11): 5308 - 5313. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Bottner, E. Keller, J. Kratzsch, H. Stobbe, J. F. W. Weigel, A. Keller, W. Hirsch, W. Kiess, W. F. Blum, and R. W. Pfaffle PROP1 Mutations Cause Progressive Deterioration of Anterior Pituitary Function including Adrenal Insufficiency: A Longitudinal Analysis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2004; 89(10): 5256 - 5265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Jayasankar, L. T. Bish, T. J. Pirolli, M. F. Berry, J. Burdick, and Y. J. Woo Local myocardial overexpression of growth hormone attenuates postinfarction remodeling and preserves cardiac function Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2004; 77(6): 2122 - 2129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Rizzoni, E. Porteri, A. Giustina, C. De Ciuceis, I. Sleiman, G. E. M. Boari, M. Castellano, M. L. Muiesan, S. Bonadonna, A. Burattin, et al. Acromegalic Patients Show the Presence of Hypertrophic Remodeling of Subcutaneous Small Resistance Arteries Hypertension, March 1, 2004; 43(3): 561 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Climent, F. Marin, A. Pico, and F. Sogorb Growth Hormone Therapy: , Is it Always Good for the Heart? Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2004; 25(2): 183 - 183. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Maison and P. Chanson Cardiac Effects of Growth Hormone in Adults With Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Meta-Analysis Circulation, November 25, 2003; 108(21): 2648 - 2652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. I. Shulman, A. W. Root, F. B. Diamond, B. B. Bercu, R. Martinez, and R. J. Boucek Jr. Effects of One Year of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone (GH) Therapy on Cardiac Mass and Function in Children with Classical GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2003; 88(9): 4095 - 4099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Spinelli, M. Petretta, G. Verderame, G. Carbone, A. A. Venetucci, A. Petretta, W. Acampa, D. Bonaduce, A. Colao, and A. Cuocolo Left Ventricular Diastolic Function and Cardiac Performance during Exercise in Patients with Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2003; 88(9): 4105 - 4109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Cittadini, J.o. Isgaard, M. G. Monti, C. Casaburi, A. Di Gianni, R. Serpico, G. Iaccarino, and L. Sacca Growth hormone prolongs survival in experimental postinfarction heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 18, 2003; 41(12): 2154 - 2163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. N. Clayton Cardiovascular Function in Acromegaly Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2003; 24(3): 272 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. C. Smith, H. Lane, N. Davies, L. M. Evans, J. Cockcroft, M. F. Scanlon, and J. S. Davies The Effects of Depot Long-Acting Somatostatin Analog on Central Aortic Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2556 - 2561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Napoli, V. Guardasole, V. Angelini, F. D'Amico, E. Zarra, M. Matarazzo, and L. Sacca Acute Effects of Growth Hormone on Vascular Function in Human Subjects J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2817 - 2820. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Cittadini, L. Ines Comi, S. Longobardi, V. Rocco Petretta, C. Casaburi, L. Passamano, B. Merola, E. Durante-Mangoni, L. Sacca, and L. Politano A preliminary randomized study of growth hormone administration in Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophies Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2003; 24(7): 664 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Ben-Shlomo and S. Melmed The Role of Pharmacotherapy in Perioperative Management of Patients with Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2003; 88(3): 963 - 968. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D Gunnell, E Whitley, M N Upton, A McConnachie, G Davey Smith, and G C M Watt Associations of height, leg length, and lung function with cardiovascular risk factors in the Midspan Family Study J Epidemiol Community Health, February 1, 2003; 57(2): 141 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Tivesten, E. Bollano, I. Andersson, S. Fitzgerald, K. Caidahl, K. Sjogren, O. Skott, J.-L. Liu, R. Mobini, O. G. P. Isaksson, et al. Liver-Derived Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Is Involved in the Regulation of Blood Pressure in Mice Endocrinology, November 1, 2002; 143(11): 4235 - 4242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Colao, L. Spinelli, A. Cuocolo, S. Spiezia, R. Pivonello, C. di Somma, D. Bonaduce, M. Salvatore, and G. Lombardi Cardiovascular Consequences of Early-Onset Growth Hormone Excess J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2002; 87(7): 3097 - 3104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Cittadini, A. Berggren, S. Longobardi, C. Ehrnborg, R. Napoli, T. Rosen, S. Fazio, K. Caidahl, B.-A. Bengtsson, and L. Sacca Supraphysiological Doses of GH Induce Rapid Changes in Cardiac Morphology and Function J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1654 - 1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Sesmilo, W. P. Fairfield, L. Katznelson, K. Pulaski, P. U. Freda, V. Bonert, E. Dimaraki, S. Stavrou, M. L. Vance, D. Hayden, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Acromegaly before and after Normalization of Serum IGF-I Levels with the GH Antagonist Pegvisomant J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2002; 87(4): 1692 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Rose, M. Ferber, and R. Hustert Maturation of muscle properties and its hormonal control in an adult insect J. Exp. Biol., March 12, 2002; 204(20): 3531 - 3545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. D Byrne Programming other hormones that affect insulin: Type 2 diabetes Br. Med. Bull., November 1, 2001; 60(1): 153 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. C. Cuneo GH and Cardiac Failure J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2001; 86(10): 4635 - 4637. [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. M. Drake, S. J. Howell, J. P. Monson, and S. M. Shalet Optimizing GH Therapy in Adults and Children Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2001; 22(4): 425 - 450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Bartke, K. Coschigano, J. Kopchick, V. Chandrashekar, J. Mattison, B. Kinney, and S. Hauck Genes That Prolong Life: Relationships of Growth Hormone and Growth to Aging and Life Span J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., August 1, 2001; 56(8): B340 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Khan, C. D. Lynch, D. C. Sane, M. C. Willingham, and W. E. Sonntag Growth Hormone Increases Regional Coronary Blood Flow and Capillary Density in Aged Rats J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., August 1, 2001; 56(8): B364 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Nolan, E. J. Hart, R. J. Windle, S. A. Wood, X. W. Hu, A. J. Levi, C. D. Ingram, and A. Levy Lack of Effect of Protein Deprivation-Induced Intrauterine Growth Retardation on Behavior and Corticosterone and Growth Hormone Secretion in Adult Male Rats: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study Endocrinology, July 1, 2001; 142(7): 2996 - 3005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Colao, C. di Somma, A. Cuocolo, L. Spinelli, N. Tedesco, R. Pivonello, D. Bonaduce, M. Salvatore, and G. Lombardi Improved Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiac Performance after 12 Months of Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement in Young Adult Patients with GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2001; 86(5): 1874 - 1881. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Colao, A. Cuocolo, P. Marzullo, E. Nicolai, D. Ferone, A. M. Della Morte, R. Pivonello, M. Salvatore, and G. Lombardi Is the Acromegalic Cardiomyopathy Reversible? Effect of 5-Year Normalization of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Levels on Cardiac Performance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2001; 86(4): 1551 - 1557. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. J. Hauck and A. Bartke Free Radical Defenses in the Liver and Kidney of Human Growth Hormone Transgenic Mice: Possible Mechanisms of Early Mortality J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2001; 56(4): 153B - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. H. Wang Roads to Survival : Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling Pathways in Cardiac Muscle Circ. Res., March 30, 2001; 88(6): 552 - 554. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Lanes, P. Gunczler, E. Lopez, S. Esaa, O. Villaroel, and R. Revel-Chion Cardiac Mass and Function, Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness, and Lipoprotein Levels in Growth Hormone-Deficient Adolescents J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2001; 86(3): 1061 - 1065. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Tollet-Egnell, A. Flores-Morales, N. Ståhlberg, R. L. Malek, N. Lee, and G. Norstedt Gene Expression Profile of the Aging Process in Rat Liver: Normalizing Effects of Growth Hormone Replacement Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 2001; 15(2): 308 - 318. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				B. Capaldo, V. Guardasole, F. Pardo, M. Matarazzo, F. Di Rella, F. Numis, B. Merola, S. Longobardi, and L. Sacca Abnormal Vascular Reactivity in Growth Hormone Deficiency Circulation, January 30, 2001; 103(4): 520 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Cittadini, J. D. Grossman, H. Stromer, S. E. Katz, J. P. Morgan, and P. S. Douglas Importance of an Intact Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Axis for Normal Post-Infarction Healing: Studies in Dwarf Rats Endocrinology, January 1, 2001; 142(1): 332 - 338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Weekers, E. Van Herck, J. Isgaard, and G. Van den Berghe Pretreatment with Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Directly Protects against the Diastolic Dysfunction of Myocardial Stunning in an Isolated, Blood-Perfused Rabbit Heart Model Endocrinology, November 1, 2000; 141(11): 3993 - 3999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. D. Smith, D. Gunnell, and J. Holly Cancer and insulin-like growth factor-I BMJ, October 7, 2000; 321(7265): 847 - 848. [Full Text]

				M. Katsumata, D. Cattaneo, P. White, K. A. Burton, and M. J. Dauncey Growth Hormone Receptor Gene Expression in Porcine Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles Is Selectively Regulated by Postnatal Undernutrition J. Nutr., October 1, 2000; 130(10): 2482 - 2488. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				L Friberg, S Werner, G Eggertsen, and S Ahnve Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in acute myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2000; 21(18): 1547 - 1554. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. Colao, P. Marzullo, D. Ferone, L. Spinelli, A. Cuocolo, D. Bonaduce, M. Salvatore, V. Boerlin, I. Lancranjan, and G. Lombardi Cardiovascular Effects of Depot Long-Acting Somatostatin Analog Sandostatin LAR in Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2000; 85(9): 3132 - 3140. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				B. Capaldo, G. Lembo, V. Rendina, R. Guida, P. Marzullo, A. Colao, G. Lombardi, and L. Saccà Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Patients with Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2000; 85(9): 3203 - 3207. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. Iwanaga, Y. Kihara, T. Yoneda, T. Aoyama, and S. Sasayama Modulation of in vivo cardiac hypertrophy with insulin-like growth factor-1 and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor: relationship between change in myosin isoform and progression of left ventricular dysfunction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2000; 36(2): 635 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Bollano, E. Omerovic, M. Bohlooly-Y, V. Kujacic, B. Madhu, J. Tornell, O. Isaksson, B. Soussi, W. Schulze, M. L. X. Fu, et al. Impairment of Cardiac Function and Bioenergetics in Adult Transgenic Mice Overexpressing the Bovine Growth Hormone Gene Endocrinology, June 1, 2000; 141(6): 2229 - 2235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C Berry and A.L Clark Catabolism in chronic heart failure Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2000; 21(7): 521 - 532. [PDF]

				P. Marzullo, A. Cuocolo, D. Ferone, R. Pivonello, M. Salvatore, G. Lombardi, and A. Colao Cardiac Effect of Thyrotoxicosis in Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2000; 85(4): 1426 - 1432. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				K. S. Leong, P. Mann, M. Wallymahmed, I. A. MacFarlane, and J. P. H. Wilding Abnormal Heart Rate Variability in Adults with Growth Hormone Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2000; 85(2): 628 - 633. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Tivesten, E. Bollano, K. Caidahl, V. Kujacic, X. Y. Sun, T. Hedner, A. Hjalmarson, B.-A. Bengtsson, and J. Isgaard The Growth Hormone Secretagogue Hexarelin Improves Cardiac Function in Rats after Experimental Myocardial Infarction Endocrinology, January 1, 2000; 141(1): 60 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Fazio, A. Cittadini, B. Biondi, E. A. Palmieri, G. Riccio, F. Bonè, U. Oliviero, and L. Saccà Cardiovascular Effects of Short-Term Growth Hormone Hypersecretion J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 179 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Colao, R. Baldelli, P. Marzullo, E. Ferretti, D. Ferone, P. Gargiulo, M. Petretta, G. Tamburrano, G. Lombardi, and A. Liuzzi Systemic Hypertension and Impaired Glucose Tolerance Are Independently Correlated to the Severity of the Acromegalic Cardiomyopathy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2000; 85(1): 193 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. S. Moore, J. P. Monson, G. Kaltsas, P. Putignano, P. J. Wood, M. C. Sheppard, G. M. Besser, N. F. Taylor, and P. M. Stewart Modulation of 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Isozymes by Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1999; 84(11): 4172 - 4177. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. Ryoke, Y. Gu, L. Mao, M. Hongo, R. G. Clark, K. L. Peterson, and J. Ross Jr Progressive Cardiac Dysfunction and Fibrosis in the Cardiomyopathic Hamster and Effects of Growth Hormone and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Circulation, October 19, 1999; 100(16): 1734 - 1743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Schiavon, P. Maffei, C. Martini, E. De Carlo, C. Fais, S. Todesco, and N. Sicolo Morphologic Study of Microcirculation in Acromegaly by Capillaroscopy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1999; 84(9): 3151 - 3155. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				V. Locatelli, G. Rossoni, F. Schweiger, A. Torsello, V. De Gennaro Colonna, M. Bernareggi, R. Deghenghi, E. E. Müller, and F. Berti Growth Hormone-Independent Cardioprotective Effects of Hexarelin in the Rat Endocrinology, September 1, 1999; 140(9): 4024 - 4031. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. C. ter Maaten, H. de Boer, O. Kamp, L. Stuurman, and E. A. van der Veen Long-Term Effects of Growth Hormone (GH) Replacement in Men with Childhood-Onset GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1999; 84(7): 2373 - 2380. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. Bondanelli, M. R. Ambrosio, P. Franceschetti, A. Margutti, G. Trasforini, and E. C. degli Uberti Diurnal Rhythm of Plasma Catecholamines in Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1999; 84(7): 2458 - 2467. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Dean, S. R. Edmondson, L. M. Burrell, and L. A. Bach Localization of the Insulin-like Growth Factor System in a Rat Model of Heart Failure Induced by Myocardial Infarction J. Histochem. Cytochem., May 1, 1999; 47(5): 649 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Colao, A. Cuocolo, P. Marzullo, E. Nicolai, D. Ferone, A. M. D. Morte, M. Petretta, M. Salvatore, and G. Lombardi Impact of Patient's Age and Disease Duration on Cardiac Performance in Acromegaly: A Radionuclide Angiography Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 1999; 84(5): 1518 - 1523. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Colao, G. Cerbone, R. Pivonello, G. Aimaretti, S. Loche, C. Di Somma, A. Faggiano, G. Corneli, E. Ghigo, and G. Lombardi The Growth Hormone (GH) Response to the Arginine Plus GH-Releasing Hormone Test Is Correlated to the Severity of Lipid Profile Abnormalities in Adult Patients with GH Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 1999; 84(4): 1277 - 1282. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				P. Maffei, N. Sicolo, and M. Plebani Lipoprotein(a) in Acromegaly Ann Intern Med, March 16, 1999; 130(6): 537 - 538. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Baldelli, E. Ferretti, M.-L. Jaffrain-Rea, G. Iacobellis, G. Minniti, B. Caracciolo, C. Moroni, R. Cassone, A. Gulino, and G. Tamburrano Cardiac Effects of Slow-Release Lanreotide, a Slow-Release Somatostatin Analog, in Acromegalic Patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1999; 84(2): 527 - 532. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. Ross Jr Growth Hormone, Cardiomyocyte Contractile Reserve, and Heart Failure Circulation, January 12, 1999; 99(1): 15 - 17. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Colao, A. Cuocolo, P. Marzullo, E. Nicolai, D. Ferone, L. Florimonte, M. Salvatore, and G. Lombardi Effects of 1-Year Treatment with Octreotide on Cardiac Performance in Patients with Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 1999; 84(1): 17 - 23. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Giustina and J. D. Veldhuis Pathophysiology of the Neuroregulation of Growth Hormone Secretion in Experimental Animals and the Human Endocr. Rev., December 1, 1998; 19(6): 717 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				W. M. Drake, D. Coyte, C. Camacho-Hübner, N. M. Jivanji, G. Kaltsas, D. F. Wood, P. J. Trainer, A. B. Grossman, G. M. Besser, and J. P. Monson Optimizing Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy by Dose Titration in Hypopituitary Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1998; 83(11): 3913 - 3919. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				T. Ueyama, T. Ohkusa, M. Yano, and M. Matsuzaki Growth hormone preserves cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels (ryanodine receptors) and enhances cardiac function in cardiomyopathic hamsters Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 1998; 40(1): 64 - 73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. A. Velloso, C. R.O. Carvalho, F. A. Rojas, F. Folli, and M. J.A. Saad Insulin signalling in heart involves insulin receptor substrates-1 and -2, activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the JAK 2-growth related pathway Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 1998; 40(1): 96 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Cittadini, Y. Ishiguro, H. Stromer, M. Spindler, A. C. Moses, R. Clark, P. S. Douglas, J. S. Ingwall, and J. P. Morgan Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 but Not Growth Hormone Augments Mammalian Myocardial Contractility by Sensitizing the Myofilament to Ca2+ Through a Wortmannin-Sensitive Pathway : Studies in Rat and Ferret Isolated Muscles Circ. Res., June 13, 1998; 83(1): 50 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Maison, B. Balkau, D. Simon, P. Chanson, G. Rosselin, and E. Eschwège Growth hormone as a risk for premature mortality in healthy subjects: data from the Paris prospective study BMJ, April 11, 1998; 316(7138): 1132 - 1133. [Full Text]

				A. Cittadini, H. Stromer, D. E. Vatner, J. D. Grossman, S. E. Katz, R. Clark, J. P. Morgan, and P. S. Douglas Consequences of Growth Hormone Deficiency on Cardiac Structure, Function, and {beta}-Adrenergic Pathway: Studies in Mutant Dwarf Rats Endocrinology, December 1, 1997; 138(12): 5161 - 5169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Colao, D. Ferone, P. Cappabianca, M. L. del Basso De Caro, P. Marzullo, A. Monticelli, A. Alfieri, B. Merola, A. CalI, E. de Divitiis, et al. Effect of Octreotide Pretreatment on Surgical Outcome in Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 1997; 82(10): 3308 - 3314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Sacca Growth hormone: a newcomer in cardiovascular medicine Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 1997; 36(1): 3 - 9. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Colao, B. Merola, D. Ferone, and G. Lombardi Acromegaly J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1997; 82(9): 2777 - 2781. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. S. Al-Shoumer, K. H. Cox, C. L. Hughes, W. Richmond, and D. G. Johnston Fasting and Postprandial Lipid Abnormalities in Hypopituitary Women Receiving Conventional Replacement Therapy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 1997; 82(8): 2653 - 2659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Capaldo, L. Patti, U. Oliviero, S. Longobardi, F. Pardo, F. Vitale, S. Fazio, F. Di Rella, B. Biondi, G. Lombardi, et al. Increased Arterial Intima-Media Thickness in Childhood-Onset Growth Hormone Deficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 1997; 82(5): 1378 - 1381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Y. Cheung, D. D. Johnson, and V. Reyes Ontogeny of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and -II Gene Expression in Ovine Fetal Heart Reproductive Sciences, November 1, 1996; 3(6): 309 - 315. [Abstract] [PDF]

				H. Turner, J.A.H. Wass, A. Frustaci, N. Gentiloni, M. A. Russo, L. Sacca, and S. Fazio Growth Hormone in the Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy N. Engl. J. Med., August 29, 1996; 335(9): 672 - 674. [Full Text]

				H. Stromer, A. Cittadini, P. S. Douglas, and J. P. Morgan Exogenously Administered Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Alter Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Enhance Cardiac Performance: In Vitro Evaluation in the Isolated Isovolumic Buffer-Perfused Rat Heart Circ. Res., August 1, 1996; 79(2): 227 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S. Fazio, D. Sabatini, B. Capaldo, C. Vigorito, A. Giordano, R. Guida, F. Pardo, B. Biondi, and L. Sacca A Preliminary Study of Growth Hormone in the Treatment of Dilated Cardiomyopathy N. Engl. J. Med., March 28, 1996; 334(13): 809 - 814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Loh and J. L. Swain Growth Hormone for Heart Failure -- Cause for Cautious Optimism N. Engl. J. Med., March 28, 1996; 334(13): 856 - 857. [Full Text]

				A. Cittadini, H. Stromer, S. E. Katz, R. Clark, A. C. Moses, J. P. Morgan, and P. S. Douglas Differential Cardiac Effects of Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor1 in the Rat : A Combined In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation Circulation, February 15, 1996; 93(4): 800 - 809. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				Y. E.M. Snel, M. E. Doerga, R.-J. M. Brummer, P. M.J. Zelissen, and H. P.F. Koppeschaar Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Assessed Adipose Tissue and Serum Lipid and Insulin Concentrations in Growth Hormone–Deficient Adults : Effect of Growth Hormone Replacement Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 1995; 15(10): 1543 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				C. Lu, G. Schwartzbauer, M. A. Sperling, S. U. Devaskar, S. Thamotharan, P. D. Robbins, C. F. McTiernan, J.-L. Liu, J. Jiang, S. J. Frank, et al. Demonstration of Direct Effects of Growth Hormone on Neonatal Cardiomyocytes J. Biol. Chem., June 15, 2001; 276(25): 22892 - 22900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]