| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60637
Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60637
Department of the J.P. Kennedy, Jr. Mental Retardation Research Center, The University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60637
Department of Medicine, East Carolina University, School of Medicine Greenville, North Carolina 27858
Correspondence: Address requests for reprints to: Samuel Refetoff, M.D., Thyroid Study Unit-MC3090, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
Abstract
I. Introduction: THE syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone are characterized by reduced clinical and biochemical manifestations of thyroid hormone action relative to the circulating hormone levels. In practice, most patients are identified by the persistent elevation of serum levels of T4 and T3 with "inappropriately" nonsuppressed TSH, in the absence of intercurrent acute illness, drugs, or alterations of thyroid hormone binding to serum proteins. More importantly, administration of supraphysiological doses of thyroid hormone fail to produce the expected suppressive effect on the secretion of pituitary TSH and/or to induce the expected metabolic responses in the peripheral tissues. Since the publication of the index cases in 1967 (1), 347 subjects have been reported who exhibit the characteristics of the syndrome (Refs. 1–129 and our personal communications and observations). In this review, we summarize all cases known to us, present their common features as well as unusual manifestations, and attempt to analyze and relate both clinical and laboratory findings. Special emphasis is given to recent advances in diagnostic procedures and in genetic studies which, in addition to identifying the etiology of the resistance, have contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. The ultimate goal is to provide more accurate means of establishing the diagnosis, earlier recognition of the disorder, and more effective approaches to therapy.
Footnotes
A glossary of abbreviations appears on page 391.
* Work from the authors' laboratories presented herein and the preparation of this review were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health DK-15070 and DK-42807 and USPHS Grant RR-00055.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M. Pulcrano, E. A. Palmieri, D. M. M. Ciulla, I. Campi, D. Covelli, G. Lombardi, B. Biondi, and P. Beck-Peccoz Impact of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone on the Cardiovascular System in Adults J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2009; 94(8): 2812 - 2816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. Machado, A. Sabet, L. A. Santiago, A. R. Sidhaye, M. I. Chiamolera, T. M. Ortiga-Carvalho, and F. E. Wondisford From the Cover: A thyroid hormone receptor mutation that dissociates thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression in vivo PNAS, June 9, 2009; 106(23): 9441 - 9446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Webb Another story of mice and men: The types of RTH PNAS, June 9, 2009; 106(23): 9129 - 9130. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Borck, O. Seewi, A. Jung, E. Schonau, and C. Kubisch Genetic Causes of Goiter and Deafness: Pendred Syndrome in a Girl and Cooccurrence of Pendred Syndrome and Resistance to Thyroid Hormone in Her Sister J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2009; 94(6): 2106 - 2109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Vujovic, K. Nordstrom, K. Gauthier, F. Flamant, T. J. Visser, B. Vennstrom, and J. Mittag Interference of a Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptor {alpha}1 with Hepatic Glucose Metabolism Endocrinology, June 1, 2009; 150(6): 2940 - 2947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Tagami, H. Yamamoto, K. Moriyama, K. Sawai, T. Usui, A. Shimatsu, and M. Naruse The retinoid X receptor binding to the thyroid hormone receptor: relationship with cofactor binding and transcriptional activity J. Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2009; 42(5): 415 - 428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Lu, L. Ng, M. Ma, B. Kefas, T. F. Davies, A. Hernandez, C.-C. Chan, and D. Forrest Retarded Developmental Expression and Patterning of Retinal Cone Opsins in Hypothyroid Mice Endocrinology, March 1, 2009; 150(3): 1536 - 1544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. I. Chiamolera and F. E. Wondisford Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and the Thyroid Hormone Feedback Mechanism Endocrinology, March 1, 2009; 150(3): 1091 - 1096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Beck-Peccoz Antithyroid Drugs Are 65 Years Old: Time for Retirement? Endocrinology, December 1, 2008; 149(12): 5943 - 5944. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N K Agrawal, R Goyal, A Rastogi, D Naik, and S K Singh Thyroid hormone resistance Postgrad. Med. J., September 1, 2008; 84(995): 473 - 477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D. Kellogg, T. C. Law, S. Huang, and N. Rifai A Girl with Goiter and Inappropriate Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Secretion Clin. Chem., July 1, 2008; 54(7): 1241 - 1244. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Wemeau, M. Pigeyre, E. Proust-Lemoine, M. d'Herbomez, F. Gottrand, J. Jansen, T. J. Visser, and M. Ladsous Beneficial Effects of Propylthiouracil plus L-Thyroxine Treatment in a Patient with a Mutation in MCT8 J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2008; 93(6): 2084 - 2088. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. N. Pessoa, L. A. Santiago, D. A. Santiago, D. S. Machado, F. A. F. Rocha, D. F. Ventura, J. N. Hokoc, C. C. Pazos-Moura, F. E. Wondisford, P. F. Gardino, et al. Thyroid Hormone Action Is Required for Normal Cone Opsin Expression during Mouse Retinal Development Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2008; 49(5): 2039 - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Hanc and J. Cieslik Growth in Stimulant-naive Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Using Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Approaches Pediatrics, April 1, 2008; 121(4): e967 - e974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Alonso, C. Goodwin, X. Liao, D. Page, S. Refetoff, and R. E. Weiss Effects of Maternal Levels of Thyroid Hormone (TH) on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Set Point: Studies in TH Receptor {beta} Knockout Mice Endocrinology, November 1, 2007; 148(11): 5305 - 5312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Kienitz, M. Quinkler, C. J Strasburger, and M. Ventz Long-term management in five cases of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: a single center study and review of the literature Eur. J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2007; 157(1): 39 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Jones, L. Ng, H. Liu, and D. Forrest An Intron Control Region Differentially Regulates Expression of Thyroid Hormone Receptor {beta}2 in the Cochlea, Pituitary, and Cone Photoreceptors Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2007; 21(5): 1108 - 1119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Matsushita, S. Sasaki, Y. Kashiwabara, K. Nagayama, K. Ohba, H. Iwaki, H. Misawa, K. Ishizuka, and H. Nakamura Essential Role of GATA2 in the Negative Regulation of Thyrotropin {beta} Gene by Thyroid Hormone and Its Receptors Mol. Endocrinol., April 1, 2007; 21(4): 865 - 884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Mamanasiri, S. Yesil, A. M. Dumitrescu, X.-H. Liao, T. Demir, R. E. Weiss, and S. Refetoff Mosaicism of a Thyroid Hormone Receptor-{beta} Gene Mutation in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3471 - 3477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Winter, C. Braig, U. Zimmermann, H.-S. Geisler, J.-T. Franzer, T. Weber, M. Ley, J. Engel, M. Knirsch, K. Bauer, et al. Thyroid hormone receptors TR{alpha}1 and TR{beta} differentially regulate gene expression of Kcnq4 and prestin during final differentiation of outer hair cells J. Cell Sci., July 15, 2006; 119(14): 2975 - 2984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Y. Wu, R. N. Cohen, E. Simsek, D. A. Senses, N. E. Yar, H. Grasberger, J. Noel, S. Refetoff, and R. E. Weiss A Novel Thyroid Hormone Receptor-{beta} Mutation That Fails to Bind Nuclear Receptor Corepressor in a Patient as an Apparent Cause of Severe, Predominantly Pituitary Resistance to Thyroid Hormone J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2006; 91(5): 1887 - 1895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Hashimoto, R. N. Cohen, M. Yamada, K. R. Markan, T. Monden, T. Satoh, M. Mori, and F. E. Wondisford Cross-talk between Thyroid Hormone Receptor and Liver X Receptor Regulatory Pathways Is Revealed in a Thyroid Hormone Resistance Mouse Model J. Biol. Chem., January 6, 2006; 281(1): 295 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Araki, H. Ying, F. Furuya, X. Zhu, and S.-y. Cheng Thyroid hormone receptor {beta} mutants: Dominant negative regulators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} action PNAS, November 8, 2005; 102(45): 16251 - 16256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Venero, A. Guadano-Ferraz, A. I. Herrero, K. Nordstrom, J. Manzano, G. M. de Escobar, J. Bernal, and B. Vennstrom Anxiety, memory impairment, and locomotor dysfunction caused by a mutant thyroid hormone receptor {alpha}1 can be ameliorated by T3 treatment Genes & Dev., September 15, 2005; 19(18): 2152 - 2163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Ying, F. Furuya, M. C. Willingham, J. Xu, B. W. O'Malley, and S.-y. Cheng Dual Functions of the Steroid Hormone Receptor Coactivator 3 in Modulating Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 2005; 25(17): 7687 - 7695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Charmandari, A. Raji, T. Kino, T. Ichijo, A. Tiulpakov, K. Zachman, and G. P. Chrousos A Novel Point Mutation in the Ligand-Binding Domain (LBD) of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor (hGR) Causing Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance: The Importance of the C Terminus of hGR LBD in Conferring Transactivational Activity J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2005; 90(6): 3696 - 3705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Morimura, K. Tsunekawa, T. Kasahara, K. Seki, T. Ogiwara, M. Mori, and M. Murakami Expression of Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase in Human Osteoblast Is Stimulated by Thyrotropin Endocrinology, April 1, 2005; 146(4): 2077 - 2084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Heuer, M. K. Maier, S. Iden, J. Mittag, E. C. H. Friesema, T. J. Visser, and K. Bauer The Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 Linked to Human Psychomotor Retardation Is Highly Expressed in Thyroid Hormone-Sensitive Neuron Populations Endocrinology, April 1, 2005; 146(4): 1701 - 1706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Lado-Abeal, A. M. Dumitrescu, X.-H. Liao, R. N. Cohen, J. Pohlenz, R. E. Weiss, M.-C. Lebrethon, A. Verloes, and S. Refetoff A De Novo Mutation in an Already Mutant Nucleotide of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor {beta} Gene Perpetuates Resistance to Thyroid Hormone J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2005; 90(3): 1760 - 1767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Moeller, A. M. Dumitrescu, R. L. Walker, P. S. Meltzer, and S. Refetoff Thyroid Hormone Responsive Genes in Cultured Human Fibroblasts J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2005; 90(2): 936 - 943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Baum, L. C. Solberg, P. Kopp, N. Ahmadiyeh, G. Churchill, J. S. Takahashi, J. L. Jameson, and E. E. Redei Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Elevated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in the Wistar-Kyoto Rat Endocrinology, February 1, 2005; 146(2): 870 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Y. Chang, H. Chamberlain-Shea, and B. Carr Fetal Loss Associated With Excess Thyroid Hormone Exposure JAMA, January 12, 2005; 293(2): 160 - 161. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Esaki, H. Suzuki, M. Cook, K. Shimoji, S.-Y. Cheng, L. Sokoloff, and J. Nunez Cardiac glucose utilization in mice with mutated {alpha}- and {beta}-thyroid hormone receptors Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2004; 287(6): E1149 - E1153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Anselmo, D. Cao, T. Karrison, R. E. Weiss, and S. Refetoff Fetal Loss Associated With Excess Thyroid Hormone Exposure JAMA, August 11, 2004; 292(6): 691 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Bayer, S. Neumann, B. Meyer, F. Ruschendorf, A. Reske, T. Brix, L. Hegedus, P. Langer, P. Nurnberg, and R. Paschke Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis Reveals Evidence for Four New Susceptibility Loci for Familial Euthyroid Goiter J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2004; 89(8): 4044 - 4052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ishii, M. Yamada, T. Satoh, T. Monden, K. Hashimoto, N. Shibusawa, K. Onigata, A. Morikawa, and M. Mori Aberrant Dynamics of Histone Deacetylation at the Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2004; 18(7): 1708 - 1720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tomita, D. R. Buchholz, and Y.-B. Shi Recruitment of N-CoR/SMRT-TBLR1 Corepressor Complex by Unliganded Thyroid Hormone Receptor for Gene Repression during Frog Development Mol. Cell. Biol., April 15, 2004; 24(8): 3337 - 3346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Charmandari, T. Kino, E. Souvatzoglou, A. Vottero, N. Bhattacharyya, and G. P. Chrousos Natural Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutants Causing Generalized Glucocorticoid Resistance: Molecular Genotype, Genetic Transmission, and Clinical Phenotype J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2004; 89(4): 1939 - 1949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Agostini, M. Gurnell, D. B. Savage, E. M. Wood, A. G. Smith, O. Rajanayagam, K. T. Garnes, S. H. Levinson, H. E. Xu, J. W. R. Schwabe, et al. Tyrosine Agonists Reverse the Molecular Defects Associated with Dominant-Negative Mutations in Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Endocrinology, April 1, 2004; 145(4): 1527 - 1538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Grover, D. M. Egan, P. G. Sleph, B. C. Beehler, G. Chiellini, N.-H. Nguyen, J. D. Baxter, and T. S. Scanlan Effects of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Agonist GC-1 on Metabolic Rate and Cholesterol in Rats and Primates: Selective Actions Relative to 3,5,3'-Triiodo-L-Thyronine Endocrinology, April 1, 2004; 145(4): 1656 - 1661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Ng, R. J. Goodyear, C. A. Woods, M. J. Schneider, E. Diamond, G. P. Richardson, M. W. Kelley, D. L. St. Germain, V. A. Galton, and D. Forrest Hearing loss and retarded cochlear development in mice lacking type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase PNAS, March 9, 2004; 101(10): 3474 - 3479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Buchholz, S.-C. V. Hsia, L. Fu, and Y.-B. Shi A Dominant-Negative Thyroid Hormone Receptor Blocks Amphibian Metamorphosis by Retaining Corepressors at Target Genes Mol. Cell. Biol., October 1, 2003; 23(19): 6750 - 6758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Kamiya, X.-Y. Zhang, H. Ying, Y. Kato, M. C. Willingham, J. Xu, B. W. O'Malley, and S.-Y. Cheng Modulation by Steroid Receptor Coactivator-1 of Target-Tissue Responsiveness in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Endocrinology, September 1, 2003; 144(9): 4144 - 4153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Grover, K. Mellstrom, L. Ye, J. Malm, Y.-L. Li, L.-G. Bladh, P. G. Sleph, M. A. Smith, R. George, B. Vennstrom, et al. Selective thyroid hormone receptor-{beta} activation: A strategy for reduction of weight, cholesterol, and lipoprotein (a) with reduced cardiovascular liability PNAS, August 19, 2003; 100(17): 10067 - 10072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Suzuki and S.-y. Cheng Compensatory Role of Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TR){alpha}1 in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone: Study in Mice with a Targeted Mutation in the TR{beta} Gene and Deficient in TR{alpha}1 Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2003; 17(8): 1647 - 1655. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Lalli and P. Sassone-Corsi DAX-1, an Unusual Orphan Receptor at the Crossroads of Steroidogenic Function and Sexual Differentiation Mol. Endocrinol., August 1, 2003; 17(8): 1445 - 1453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. G. Lehmann, J.-M. Wurtz, J.-P. Renaud, P. Sassone-Corsi, and E. Lalli Structure-function analysis reveals the molecular determinants of the impaired biological function of DAX-1 mutants in AHC patients Hum. Mol. Genet., May 1, 2003; 12(9): 1063 - 1072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Suzuki, X.-Y. Zhang, D. Forrest, M. C. Willingham, and S.-Y. Cheng Marked Potentiation of the Dominant Negative Action of a Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptor {beta} in Mice by the Ablation of One Wild-Type {beta} Allele Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2003; 17(5): 895 - 907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Monaco Classification of Thyroid Diseases: Suggestions for a Revision J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., April 1, 2003; 88(4): 1428 - 1432. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Huber, M. Desclozeaux, B. L. West, S. T. Cunha-Lima, H. T. Nguyen, J. D. Baxter, H. A. Ingraham, and R. J. Fletterick Thyroid Hormone Receptor-{beta} Mutations Conferring Hormone Resistance and Reduced Corepressor Release Exhibit Decreased Stability in the N-Terminal Ligand-Binding Domain Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2003; 17(1): 107 - 116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. I. Chen, K. M. Sommer, and K. Swisshelm Downstream Codons in the Retinoic Acid Receptor beta -2 and beta -4 mRNAs Initiate Translation of a Protein Isoform That Disrupts Retinoid-activated Transcription J. Biol. Chem., September 13, 2002; 277(38): 35411 - 35421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Forrest Editorial: Twists in the Tail--Change-of-Function Mutations in Thyroid Hormone Receptors Endocrinology, July 1, 2002; 143(7): 2466 - 2468. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kopp Perspective: Genetic Defects in the Etiology of Congenital Hypothyroidism Endocrinology, June 1, 2002; 143(6): 2019 - 2024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. M. Wood, V. D. Sarapura, J. M. Dowding, W. W. Woodmansee, D. J. Haakinson, D. F. Gordon, and E. C. Ridgway Early Gene Expression Changes Preceding Thyroid Hormone-Induced Involution of a Thyrotrope Tumor Endocrinology, February 1, 2002; 143(2): 347 - 359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. R. Neves, R. R. Cavalieri, L. A. Simeoni, D. G. Gardner, J. D. Baxter, B. F. Scharschmidt, N. Lomri, and R. C. J. Ribeiro Thyroid Hormone Export Varies among Primary Cells and Appears to Differ from Hormone Uptake Endocrinology, February 1, 2002; 143(2): 476 - 483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Flamant, A.-L. Poguet, M. Plateroti, O. Chassande, K. Gauthier, N. Streichenberger, A. Mansouri, and J. Samarut Congenital Hypothyroid Pax8-/- Mutant Mice Can Be Rescued by Inactivating the TR{alpha} Gene Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 2002; 16(1): 24 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Kahaly, C. H. Matthews, S. Mohr-Kahaly, C. A. Richards, and V. K. K. Chatterjee Cardiac Involvement in Thyroid Hormone Resistance J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., January 1, 2002; 87(1): 204 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Ng, A. Rusch, L. L. Amma, K. Nordstrom, L. C. Erway, B. Vennstrom, and D. Forrest Suppression of the deafness and thyroid dysfunction in Thrb-null mice by an independent mutation in the Thra thyroid hormone receptor {alpha} gene Hum. Mol. Genet., November 1, 2001; 10(23): 2701 - 2708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Phillips, P. Rotman-Pikielny, J. Lazar, S. Ando, P. Hauser, M. C. Skarulis, F. Brucker-Davis, and P. M. Yen Extreme Thyroid Hormone Resistance in a Patient with a Novel Truncated TR Mutant J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5142 - 5147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ando, N. J. Sarlis, E. H. Oldfield, and P. M. Yen Somatic Mutation of TR{beta} Can Cause a Defect in Negative Regulation of TSH in a TSH-Secreting Pituitary Tumor J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2001; 86(11): 5572 - 5576. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Anselmo, T. Kay, K. Dennis, R. Szmulewitz, S. Refetoff, and R. E. Weiss Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Does Not Abrogate the Transient Thyrotoxicosis Associated with Gestation: Report of a Case J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2001; 86(9): 4273 - 4275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ando, N. J. Sarlis, J. Krishnan, X. Feng, S. Refetoff, M. Q. Zhang, E. H. Oldfield, and P. M. Yen Aberrant Alternative Splicing of Thyroid Hormone Receptor in a TSH-Secreting Pituitary Tumor Is A Mechanism for Hormone Resistance Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 2001; 15(9): 1529 - 1538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Yen Physiological and Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action Physiol Rev, July 1, 2001; 81(3): 1097 - 1142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Fujiwara, H. Adachi, T. Nishio, M. Unno, T. Tokui, M. Okabe, T. Onogawa, T. Suzuki, N. Asano, M. Tanemoto, et al. Identification of Thyroid Hormone Transporters in Humans: Different Molecules Are Involved in a Tissue-Specific Manner Endocrinology, May 1, 2001; 142(5): 2005 - 2012. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L. Amma, A. Campos-Barros, Z. Wang, B. Vennström, and D. Forrest Distinct Tissue-Specific Roles for Thyroid Hormone Receptors {beta} and {{alpha}}1 in Regulation of Type 1 Deiodinase Expression Mol. Endocrinol., March 1, 2001; 15(3): 467 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Wilson Prospects for Research for Disorders of the Endocrine System JAMA, February 7, 2001; 285(5): 624 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-h. Lin and Y.-h. Wu shen-liang chen Impaired Interaction of Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptors Associated with Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Transcriptional Coregulators Endocrinology, February 1, 2001; 142(2): 653 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. N. Orth, R. C. Shelton, W. E. Nicholson, P. Beck-Peccoz, A. J. Tomarken, L. Persani, and P. T. Loosen Serum Thyrotropin Concentrations and Bioactivity During Sleep Deprivation in Depression Arch Gen Psychiatry, January 1, 2001; 58(1): 77 - 83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Reutrakul, P. M. Sadow, S. Pannain, J. Pohlenz, G. A. Carvalho, P. E. Macchia, R. E. Weiss, and S. Refetoff Search for Abnormalities of Nuclear Corepressors, Coactivators, and a Coregulator in Families with Resistance to Thyroid Hormone without Mutations in Thyroid Hormone Receptor {beta} or {alpha} Genes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2000; 85(10): 3609 - 3617. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Jannini, A. Crescenzi, N. Rucci, E. Screponi, E. Carosa, A. De Matteis, E. Macchia, G. d’Amati, and M. D’Armiento Ontogenetic Pattern of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Expression in the Human Testis J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2000; 85(9): 3453 - 3457. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Pannain, M. Feldman, U. Eiholzer, R. E. Weiss, N. H. Scherberg, and S. Refetoff Familial Dysalbuminemic Hyperthyroxinemia in a Swiss Family Caused by a Mutant Albumin (R218P) Shows an Apparent Discrepancy between Serum Concentration and Affinity for Thyroxine J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2000; 85(8): 2786 - 2792. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Feng, Y. Jiang, P. Meltzer, and P. M. Yen Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Hepatic Genes in Vivo Detected by Complementary DNA Microarray Mol. Endocrinol., July 1, 2000; 14(7): 947 - 955. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. N. Cohen, A. Putney, F. E. Wondisford, and A. N. Hollenberg The Nuclear Corepressors Recognize Distinct Nuclear Receptor Complexes Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 2000; 14(6): 900 - 914. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Anafi, Y.-F. Yang, N. A. Barlev, M. V. Govindan, S. L. Berger, T. R. Butt, and P. G. Walfish GCN5 and ADA Adaptor Proteins Regulate Triiodothyronine/GRIP1 and SRC-1 Coactivator-Dependent Gene Activation by the Human Thyroid Hormone Receptor Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 2000; 14(5): 718 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Pazos-Moura, E. D. Abel, M.-E. Boers, E. Moura, T. G. Hampton, J. Wang, J. P. Morgan, and F. E. Wondisford Cardiac Dysfunction Caused by Myocardium-Specific Expression of a Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptor Circ. Res., March 31, 2000; 86(6): 700 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
New Resistance to Several Steroids in Two Sisters J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 1999; 84(12): 4454 - 4464. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gurnell, O. Rajanayagam, M. Agostini, R. J. D. Clifton-Bligh, T. Wang, P. M. J. Zelissen, F. van der Horst, A. v. d. Wiel, E. Macchia, A. Pinchera, et al. Three Novel Mutations at Serine 314 in the Thyroid Hormone {beta} Receptor Differentially Impair Ligand Binding in the Syndrome of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Endocrinology, December 1, 1999; 140(12): 5901 - 5906. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Pohlenz, R. E. Weiss, P. E. Macchia, S. Pannain, I. T. Lau, H. Ho, and S. Refetoff Five New Families with Resistance to Thyroid Hormone not Caused by Mutations in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor {beta} Gene J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 1999; 84(11): 3919 - 3928. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Barrera-Hernandez, K. S. Park, A. Dace, Q. Zhan, and S.-y. Cheng Thyroid Hormone-Induced Cell Proliferation in GC Cells Is Mediated by Changes in G1 Cyclin/Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Levels and Activity Endocrinology, November 1, 1999; 140(11): 5267 - 5274. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Safer, M. G. O’Connor, S. D. Colan, S. Srinivasan, S. R. Tollin, and F. E. Wondisford The Thyroid Hormone Receptor-{beta} Gene Mutation R383H Is Associated with Isolated Central Resistance to Thyroid Hormone J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1999; 84(9): 3099 - 3109. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Abe, M. Kakyo, T. Tokui, R. Nakagomi, T. Nishio, D. Nakai, H. Nomura, M. Unno, M. Suzuki, T. Naitoh, et al. Identification of a Novel Gene Family Encoding Human Liver-specific Organic Anion Transporter LST-1 J. Biol. Chem., June 11, 1999; 274(24): 17159 - 17163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Göthe, Z. Wang, L. Ng, J. M. Kindblom, A. C. Barros, C. Ohlsson, B. Vennström, and D. Forrest Mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors are viable but exhibit disorders of the pituitary-thyroid axis, growth, and bone maturation Genes & Dev., May 15, 1999; 13(10): 1329 - 1341. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. J. Malloy, J. W. Pike, and D. Feldman The Vitamin D Receptor and the Syndrome of Hereditary 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-Resistant Rickets Endocr. Rev., April 1, 1999; 20(2): 156 - 188. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Derwahl, M. Broecker, and Z. Kraiem Thyrotropin May Not Be the Dominant Growth Factor in Benign and Malignant Thyroid Tumors J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 1999; 84(3): 829 - 834. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Weiss and S. Refetoff Editorial: Treatment of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone--Primum Non Nocere J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1999; 84(2): 401 - 404. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Brucker-Davis, E. H. Oldfield, M. C. Skarulis, J. L. Doppman, and B. D. Weintraub Thyrotropin-Secreting Pituitary Tumors: Diagnostic Criteria, Thyroid Hormone Sensitivity, and Treatment Outcome in 25 Patients Followed at the National Institutes of Health J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 1999; 84(2): 476 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Reginato, S. T. Bailey, S. L. Krakow, C. Minami, S. Ishii, H. Tanaka, and M. A. Lazar A Potent Antidiabetic Thiazolidinedione with Unique Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor gamma -activating Properties J. Biol. Chem., December 4, 1998; 273(49): 32679 - 32684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Tagami, W.-X. Gu, P. T. Peairs, B. L. West, and J. L. Jameson A Novel Natural Mutation in the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Defines a Dual Functional Domain That Exchanges Nuclear Receptor Corepressors and Coactivators Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 1998; 12(12): 1888 - 1902. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Safer, R. N. Cohen, A. N. Hollenberg, and F. E. Wondisford Defective Release of Corepressor by Hinge Mutants of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Found in Patients with Resistance to Thyroid Hormone J. Biol. Chem., November 13, 1998; 273(46): 30175 - 30182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Liu, A. Takeshita, S. Misiti, W. W. Chin, and P. M. Yen Lack of Coactivator Interaction Can Be a Mechanism for Dominant Negative Activity by Mutant Thyroid Hormone Receptors Endocrinology, October 1, 1998; 139(10): 4197 - 4204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Raval-Pandya, L. P. Freedman, H. Li, and S. Christakos Thyroid Hormone Receptor Does Not Heterodimerize with the Vitamin D Receptor but Represses Vitamin D Receptor-Mediated Transactivation Mol. Endocrinol., September 1, 1998; 12(9): 1367 - 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. P. McDonald, R. Wong, G. Goldstein, B. Weintraub, S.-y. Cheng, and J. N. Crawley Hyperactivity and Learning Deficits in Transgenic Mice Bearing a Human Mutant Thyroid Hormone beta 1 Receptor Gene Learn. Mem., September 1, 1998; 5(4): 289 - 301. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Abe, M. Kakyo, H. Sakagami, T. Tokui, T. Nishio, M. Tanemoto, H. Nomura, S. C. Hebert, S. Matsuno, H. Kondo, et al. Molecular Characterization and Tissue Distribution of a New Organic Anion Transporter Subtype (oatp3) That Transports Thyroid Hormones and Taurocholate and Comparison with oatp2 J. Biol. Chem., August 28, 1998; 273(35): 22395 - 22401. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Persani, S. Borgato, R. Romoli, C. Asteria, A. Pizzocaro, and P. Beck-Peccoz Changes in the Degree of Sialylation of Carbohydrate Chains Modify the Biological Properties of Circulating Thyrotropin Isoforms in Various Physiological and Pathological States J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 1998; 83(7): 2486 - 2492. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Clifton-Bligh, F. de Zegher, R. L. Wagner, T. N. Collingwood, I. Francois, M. Van Helvoirt, R. J. Fletterick, and V. K. K. Chatterjee A Novel TR{beta} Mutation (R383H) in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Syndrome Predominantly Impairs Corepressor Release and Negative Transcriptional Regulation Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 1998; 12(5): 609 - 621. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Tagami and J. L. Jameson Nuclear Corepressors Enhance the Dominant Negative Activity of Mutant Receptors That Cause Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Endocrinology, February 1, 1998; 139(2): 640 - 650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M Knipper, C Bandtlow, L Gestwa, I Kopschall, K Rohbock, B Wiechers, H. Zenner, and U Zimmermann Thyroid hormone affects Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte gene expression at the glial transition zone of the VIIIth nerve prior to cochlea function Development, January 9, 1998; 125(18): 3709 - 3718. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Liu, A. Takeshita, T. Nagaya, A. Baniahmad, W. W. Chin, and P. M. Yen An Inhibitory Region of the DNA-Binding Domain of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Blocks Hormone-Dependent Transactivation Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 1998; 12(1): 34 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Hauser, J. M. McMillin, and V. S. Bhatara Resistance To Thyroid Hormone: Implications for Neurodevelopmental Research On the Effects of Thyroid Hormone Disruptors Toxicology and Industrial Health, January 1, 1998; 14(1-2): 85 - 101. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. S. Sher, Xiao Ming Xu, P. M. Adams, C. M. Craft, and S. A. Stein The Effects of Thyroid Hormone Level and Action in Developing Brain: Are These Targets for the Actions of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins? Toxicology and Industrial Health, January 1, 1998; 14(1-2): 121 - 158. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Endocrinology | Endocrine Reviews | J. Clin. End. & Metab. |
| Molecular Endocrinology | Recent Prog. Horm. Res. | All Endocrine Journals |
