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Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) and Related Transcription-Activating Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Binding Proteins^*

TERRY E. MEYER and JOEL F. HABENER

Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02114

Correspondence: Address requests for reprints to: Joel F. Habener, M.D., Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.

Abstract

I. Introduction: THE COMPLEX metabolic activities of cells respond to environmental cues by sensing transmitter substances known as ligands or hormones. The mechanisms of such sensing involves the activation of signaling pathways resulting in changes in gene expression and cellular metabolism (1, 2). Small hydrophobic molecules such as steroid and thyroid hormones and retinoids readily traverse the plasma membrane of the cell and bind to and activate their cognate cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (reviewed in Refs. 3–7). More complex ligands, however, such as peptide hormones, are unable to enter the cell directly and instead recognize and bind to receptors located on the surface of the cell. Thereby the receptor serves as the communicative link between the outside and inside of the cell. In addition to binding its specific ligand the receptor has the important function of activating signal transduction pathways by way of coupling to GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) (8, 9) or to autophosphorylate itself in response to conformational changes induced by the binding of ligand (10,11).

Footnotes

^* The research described in this manuscript was supported in part by PHS Grants R01 DK-25532 and DK-30457. Dr. Habener is an Investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Current Address: Department of Biotechnology Research, Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 7250 North West 62nd Avenue, Johnston, Iowa 50131.

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				G. Waeber, N. Thompson, T. Chautard, M. Steinmann, P. Nicod, F. P. Pralong, T. Calandra, and R. C. Gaillard Transcriptional Activation of the Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factor Gene by the Corticotropin-Releasing Factor is Mediated by the Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Responsive Element-Binding Protein CREB in Pituitary Cells Mol. Endocrinol., May 1, 1998; 12(5): 698 - 705. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				J. Bodor and J. F. Habener Role of Transcriptional Repressor ICER in Cyclic AMP-mediated Attenuation of Cytokine Gene Expression in Human Thymocytes J. Biol. Chem., April 17, 1998; 273(16): 9544 - 9551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Matsumoto, T. Yamamoto, H. Kurachi, Y. Nishio, T. Takeda, H. Homma, K.-i. Morishige, A. Miyake, and Y. Murata Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-alpha Gene Is Transcriptionally Activated by Epidermal Growth Factor through cAMP Response Element in Trophoblast Cells J. Biol. Chem., April 3, 1998; 273(14): 7800 - 7806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. C. Jones and J. G. Scammell The cAMP-response element mediates induction of secretogranin II by CHX and FSK in GH4C1 cells Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 1998; 274(4): E656 - E664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Firestein and N. Feuerstein Association of Activating Transcription Factor 2 (ATF2) with the Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme hUBC9. IMPLICATION OF THE UBIQUITIN/PROTEASOME PATHWAY IN REGULATION OF ATF2 IN T CELLS J. Biol. Chem., March 6, 1998; 273(10): 5892 - 5902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Canaff, S. Bevan, D. G. Wheeler, A. J. Mouland, R. P. Rehfuss, J. H. White, and G. N. Hendy Analysis of Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Neuroendocrine Cell Specific Transcription of the Chromogranin A Gene Endocrinology, March 1, 1998; 139(3): 1184 - 1196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ahn, M. Olive, S. Aggarwal, D. Krylov, D. D. Ginty, and C. Vinson A Dominant-Negative Inhibitor of CREB Reveals that It Is a General Mediator of Stimulus-Dependent Transcription of c-fos Mol. Cell. Biol., February 1, 1998; 18(2): 967 - 977. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				A. Sjoblom, W. Yang, L. Palmqvist, A. Jansson, and L. Rymo An ATF/CRE Element Mediates both EBNA2-Dependent and EBNA2-Independent Activation of the Epstein-Barr Virus LMP1 Gene Promoter J. Virol., February 1, 1998; 72(2): 1365 - 1376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. G. Hatalski and T. Z. Baram Stress-Induced Transcriptional Regulation in the Developing Rat Brain Involves Increased Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate-Regulatory Element Binding Activity Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 1997; 11(13): 2016 - 2024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Swanson, E. Zellmer, and E. J. Lewis The Homeodomain Protein Arix Interacts Synergistically with Cyclic AMP to Regulate Expression of Neurotransmitter Biosynthetic Genes J. Biol. Chem., October 24, 1997; 272(43): 27382 - 27392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Liu, D. Leaman, M. Villalta, and R. M. Roberts Silencing of the Gene for the {alpha}-Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin by the Embryonic Transcription Factor Oct-3/4 Mol. Endocrinol., October 1, 1997; 11(11): 1651 - 1658. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. D. Fields, F. Eshete, B. Stevens, and K. Itoh Action Potential-Dependent Regulation of Gene Expression: Temporal Specificity in Ca2+, cAMP-Responsive Element Binding Proteins, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling J. Neurosci., October 1, 1997; 17(19): 7252 - 7266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Gao, Y. Wang, J. L. Alcorn, and C. R. Mendelson The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix-Zipper Transcription Factor USF1 Regulates Expression of the Surfactant Protein-A Gene J. Biol. Chem., September 12, 1997; 272(37): 23398 - 23406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Tinti, C. Yang, H. Seo, B. Conti, C. Kim, T. H. Joh, and K.-S. Kim Structure/Function Relationship of the cAMP Response Element in Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Transcription J. Biol. Chem., August 1, 1997; 272(31): 19158 - 19164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. S. Duman, G. R. Heninger, and E. J. Nestler A Molecular and Cellular Theory of Depression Arch Gen Psychiatry, July 1, 1997; 54(7): 597 - 606. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. Ishiguro, G. D. Brown, and D. Meruelo Activation Transcription Factor 1 Involvement in the Regulation of Murine H-2Dd Expression J. Biol. Chem., June 20, 1997; 272(25): 15993 - 16001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Vicini and M. Conti Characterization of an Intronic Promoter of a Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate (cAMP)-Specific Phosphodiesterase Gene that Confers Hormone and cAMP Inducibility Mol. Endocrinol., June 1, 1997; 11(7): 839 - 850. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				R. Telgmann, E. Maronde, K. Tasken, and B. Gellersen Activated Protein Kinase A Is Required for Differentiation-Dependent Transcription of the Decidual Prolactin Gene in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells Endocrinology, March 1, 1997; 138(3): 929 - 937. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M. Caron, Y. Ikeda, S.-C. Soo, D. M. Stocco, K. L. Parker, and B. J. Clark Characterization of the Promoter Region of the Mouse Gene Encoding the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Mol. Endocrinol., February 1, 1997; 11(2): 138 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				M. E. Laurance, R. P.S. Kwok, M. S. Huang, J. P. Richards, J. R. Lundblad, and R. H. Goodman Differential Activation of Viral and Cellular Promoters by Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus-1 Tax and cAMP-responsive Element Modulator Isoforms J. Biol. Chem., January 31, 1997; 272(5): 2646 - 2651. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Gellersen, R. Kempf, and R. Telgmann Human Endometrial Stromal Cells Express Novel Isoforms of the Transcriptional Modulator CREM and Up-Regulate ICER in the Course of Decidualization Mol. Endocrinol., January 1, 1997; 11(1): 97 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				D. K. Ann, H. H. Lin, and E. Kousvelari Regulation of Salivary-Gland-Specific Gene Expression Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, January 1, 1997; 8(3): 244 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Andrew, A Baig, P Bhanot, S. Smolik, and K. Henderson The Drosophila dCREB-A gene is required for dorsal/ventral patterning of the larval cuticle Development, January 1, 1997; 124(1): 181 - 193. [Abstract] [PDF]