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Endocrine Reviews, doi:10.1210/edrv-14-1-94
Endocrine Reviews 14 (1): 94-106
Copyright © 1993 by The Endocrine Society
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The Role of Thyroid Hormones in Prenatal and Neonatal Neurological Development—Current Perspectives

SUSAN P. PORTERFIELD and CHESTER E. HENDRICH

Department of Physiology and Endocrinology, Medical College of Georgia Augusta, Georgia 30912–3395

Correspondence: Address requests for reprints to: Susan P. Porterfield, PhD., Department of Physiology and Endocrinology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912–3395.

Abstract

I. Introduction: FOR YEARS thyroid hormones have been known to be important for normal neonatal brain development, and numerous reviews have covered this topic in depth. It now also appears that fetal thyroid hormones play an essential role in fetal brain development. In addition, as some placental transport of thyroid hormones has been shown to occur, it is possible that maternal thyroid hormones might influence fetal brain development.

II. The Value of the Use of Animal Models in the Comprehension of the Role of Thyroid Hormones in Neurological Development: Animal models have been used to study the influence of thyroid hormones on neurological] evelopment. Rats and mice have been the primary animals studied; however, a significant amount of data have come from studies on sheep and nonhuman primates. While the merit of application of animal data to human problems is frequently questioned, valuable information can be obtained when the animal data are properly interpreted. Furthermore, most of the information obtained from animal experiments would be unavailable from humans.




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C. M. de Arrieta, B. Morte, A. Coloma, and J. Bernal
The Human RC3 Gene Homolog, NRGN Contains a Thyroid Hormone-Responsive Element Located in the First Intron
Endocrinology, January 1, 1999; 140(1): 335 - 343.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. Abe, M. Kakyo, H. Sakagami, T. Tokui, T. Nishio, M. Tanemoto, H. Nomura, S. C. Hebert, S. Matsuno, H. Kondo, et al.
Molecular Characterization and Tissue Distribution of a New Organic Anion Transporter Subtype (oatp3) That Transports Thyroid Hormones and Taurocholate and Comparison with oatp2
J. Biol. Chem., August 28, 1998; 273(35): 22395 - 22401.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Hum Exp ToxicolHome page
A S Faqi, P R Dalsenter, H-J Merker, and I Chahoud
Effects on developmental landmarks and reproductive capability of 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl and 3,3',4,4',5- Pentacholorobiphenyl in offspring of rats exposed during pregnancy
Human and Experimental Toxicology, July 1, 1998; 17(7): 365 - 372.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
J. P. Schroder-van der Elst, D. van der Heide, G. Morreale de Escobar, and M. J. Obregon
Iodothyronine Deiodinase Activities in Fetal Rat Tissues at Several Levels of Iodine Deficiency: A Role for the Skin in 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine Economy?
Endocrinology, May 1, 1998; 139(5): 2229 - 2234.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
J. P. S.-V. D. Elst, D. Van Der Heide, H. Rokos, G. M. De Escobar, and J. Kohrle
Synthetic flavonoids cross the placenta in the rat and are found in fetal brain
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 1998; 274(2): E253 - E256.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Toxicol Ind HealthHome page
P. Hauser, J. M. McMillin, and V. S. Bhatara
Resistance To Thyroid Hormone: Implications for Neurodevelopmental Research On the Effects of Thyroid Hormone Disruptors
Toxicology and Industrial Health, January 1, 1998; 14(1-2): 85 - 101.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Toxicol Ind HealthHome page
S. P. Porterfield and L. B. Hendry
Impact of Pcbs On Thyroid Hormone Directed Brain Development
Toxicology and Industrial Health, January 1, 1998; 14(1-2): 103 - 120.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
A. Guadano-Ferraz, M. J. Obregon, D. L. St. Germain, and J. Bernal
The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is expressed primarily in glial cells in the neonatal rat brain
PNAS, September 16, 1997; 94(19): 10391 - 10396.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
J. H. Oppenheimer and H. L. Schwartz
Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone-Dependent Brain Development
Endocr. Rev., August 1, 1997; 18(4): 462 - 475.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Endocr. Rev.Home page
D. Glinoer
The Regulation of Thyroid Function in Pregnancy: Pathways of Endocrine Adaptation from Physiology to Pathology
Endocr. Rev., June 1, 1997; 18(3): 404 - 433.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
R. J. Denver, S. Pavgi, and Y.-B. Shi
Thyroid Hormone-dependent Gene Expression Program for Xenopus Neural Development
J. Biol. Chem., March 28, 1997; 272(13): 8179 - 8188.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 EndocrinologyHome page
P. A. Piosik, M. van Groenigen, J. van Doorn, F. Baas, and J. J. M. de Vijlder
Effects of Maternal Thyroid Status on Thyroid Hormones and Growth in Congenitally Hypothyroid Goat Fetuses during the Second Half of Gestation
Endocrinology, January 1, 1997; 138(1): 5 - 11.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NEJMHome page
J. L. Jacobson and S. W. Jacobson
Intellectual Impairment in Children Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Utero
N. Engl. J. Med., September 12, 1996; 335(11): 783 - 789.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NEJMHome page
M. L. Reuss, N. Paneth, J. A. Pinto-Martin, J. M. Lorenz, and M. Susser
The Relation of Transient Hypothyroxinemia in Preterm Infants to Neurologic Development at Two Years of Age
N. Engl. J. Med., March 28, 1996; 334(13): 821 - 827.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BMJHome page
N. Badawi, L. M Alessandri, J. J Kurinczuk, P. R Burton, F. J Stanley, and P. J Pemberton
Authors' reply
BMJ, March 2, 1996; 312(7030): 580b - 581.
[Full Text]

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 CLIN PEDIATRHome page
S. P. Campos, D. E. Sandberg, C. Barrick, M. L. Voorhess, and M. H. MacGillivray
Outcome of Lower L-Thyroxine Dose for Treatment of Congenital Hypothyroidism
Clinical Pediatrics, October 1, 1995; 34(10): 514 - 520.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. J. Stachelek, T. F. Kowalik, A. P. Farwell, and J. L. Leonard
Myosin V Plays an Essential Role in the Thyroid Hormone-dependent Endocytosis of Type II Iodothyronine 5'-Deiodinase
J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2000; 275(41): 31701 - 31707.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. M. G. Pombo, D. Barettino, G. Espliguero, M. Metsis, T. Iglesias, and A. Rodriguez-Pena
Transcriptional Repression of Neurotrophin Receptor trkB by Thyroid Hormone in the Developing Rat Brain
J. Biol. Chem., November 22, 2000; 275(48): 37510 - 37517.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. J. Stachelek, R. A. Tuft, L. M. Lifschitz, D. M. Leonard, A. P. Farwell, and J. L. Leonard
Real-time Visualization of Processive Myosin 5a-mediated Vesicle Movement in Living Astrocytes
J. Biol. Chem., September 14, 2001; 276(38): 35652 - 35659.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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