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Vitamin D, Calcium, and Epidermal Differentiation^*

Endocrine Research Unit (111N), VA Medical Center, UCSF Medical Services 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, California 94121

Correspondence: Address requests for reprints to: Daniel D. Bikle, M.D., Ph.D., Endocrine Research Unit (111N), Veterans Administration Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, California 94121.

Abstract

I. Introduction: THE SKIN is the sole source of cholecalciferol or vitamin D₃ (D₃), the precursor for a family of vitamin D metabolites whose best understood role is the regulation of bone mineral homeostasis (see Fig. 1). In the skin D₃ is produced by a two-step mechanism from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) (1). The first step, the breaking of the B ring after UV irradiation, results in the formation of pre-D₃; the second step, the thermal conversion of pre-D₃ to D₃, provides for a sustained release of D₃ to the body where it undergoes subsequent metabolism first in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25OHD₃) and then in a variety of tissues to additional metabolites, the most potent of which is 1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃]. The plant sterol ergosterol undergoes a similar photoactivation to ergocalciferol or vitamin D₂ (D₂). D₂ differs from D₃ in that it contains a double bond between C22–23 and a methyl group at C24 of the side chain. In humans the metabolism of D₂ and the potency of its metabolites are comparable to that of D₃, allowing D₂ to be widely used in pharmacological preparations in which a vitamin D supplement is desired. Although D₃ and its metabolites are the natural form of this hormone family, this review will not, in general, use the distinguishing subscript because of the comparability between D₃ and D₂.

Footnotes

^* Supported by Veterans Administration Merit Review and NIH Grants AR-38386 and AR-39448.

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