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Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University 1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142, Japan
Department of Saint Vincent's Institute of Medical Research 41 Victoria Parade, Melbourne 3065, Australia
Correspondence: Address requests for reprints to: Dr. T. Suda, Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Sinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142, Japan.
Abstract
I. Introduction: BONE is a complex tissue in which resorption and formation continue throughout life. This process is called bone remodeling. Osteotropic hormones such as 1
,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], PTH, and calcitonin preferentially modulate the process of bone resorption to maintain bone remodeling. The bone tissue contains various types of cells, of which the bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts are mainly responsible for bone remodeling. Osteoblasts are believed to be derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, which further differentiate into osteocytes and are embedded in calcified tissues. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells present only in bone. It is believed that osteoclast progenitors are of hemopoietic origin, and they are recruited from hemopoietic tissues such as bone marrow and circulating blood to bone. Osteoclast progenitors then proliferate and differentiate into mononuclear preosteoclasts and fuse with each other to form multinucleated osteoclasts. Osteoclasts have a unique morphology and function to resorb calcified bone by making resorption pits (Howship's lacunae). Because of the inaccessibility and fragility of osteoclasts studies on their function have been hampered. Furthermore, it is extremely difficult to obtain a large number of mammalian osteoclasts.
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 W. C. Dougall, M. Glaccum, K. Charrier, K. Rohrbach, K. Brasel, T. De Smedt, E. Daro, J. Smith, M. E. Tometsko, C. R. Maliszewski, et al. RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development Genes & Dev., September 15, 1999; 13(18): 2412 - 2424. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. Kukita, T. Kukita, M. Ouchida, H. Maeda, H. Yatsuki, and O. Kohashi Osteoclast-Derived Zinc Finger (OCZF) Protein With POZ Domain, a Possible Transcriptional Repressor, Is Involved in Osteoclastogenesis Blood, September 15, 1999; 94(6): 1987 - 1997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C.-Y. Chiang, G. Kyritsis, D. T. Graves, and S. Amar Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Activities Partially Account for Calvarial Bone Resorption Induced by Local Injection of Lipopolysaccharide Infect. Immun., August 1, 1999; 67(8): 4231 - 4236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.-K. Lee and J. A. Lorenzo Parathyroid Hormone Stimulates TRANCE and Inhibits Osteoprotegerin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression in Murine Bone Marrow Cultures: Correlation with Osteoclast-Like Cell Formation Endocrinology, August 1, 1999; 140(8): 3552 - 3561. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 G. R. Mundy and T. A. Guise Hormonal Control of Calcium Homeostasis Clin. Chem., August 1, 1999; 45(8): 1347 - 1352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Manabe, H. Oda, K. Nakamura, Y. Kuga, S. Uchida, and H. Kawaguchi Involvement of fibroblast growth factor-2 in joint destruction of rheumatoid arthritis patients Rheumatology, August 1, 1999; 38(8): 714 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Suda, N. Takahashi, N. Udagawa, E. Jimi, M. T. Gillespie, and T. J. Martin Modulation of Osteoclast Differentiation and Function by the New Members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor and Ligand Families Endocr. Rev., June 1, 1999; 20(3): 345 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 C. Minkin and V.C. Marinho Role of the Osteoclast at the Bone-Implant Interface Advances in Dental Research, June 1, 1999; 13(1): 49 - 56. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 T. L. Burgess, Y.-x. Qian, S. Kaufman, B. D. Ring, G. Van, C. Capparelli, M. Kelley, H. Hsu, W. J. Boyle, C. R. Dunstan, et al. The Ligand for Osteoprotegerin (OPGL) Directly Activates Mature Osteoclasts J. Cell Biol., May 3, 1999; 145(3): 527 - 538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Wani, K. Fuller, N. S. Kim, Y. Choi, and T. Chambers Prostaglandin E2 Cooperates with TRANCE in Osteoclast Induction from Hemopoietic Precursors: Synergistic Activation of Differentiation, Cell Spreading, and Fusion Endocrinology, April 1, 1999; 140(4): 1927 - 1935. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. Hsu, D. L. Lacey, C. R. Dunstan, I. Solovyev, A. Colombero, E. Timms, H.-L. Tan, G. Elliott, M. J. Kelley, I. Sarosi, et al. Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand PNAS, March 30, 1999; 96(7): 3540 - 3545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Matsuzaki, K. Katayama, Y. Takahashi, I. Nakamura, N. Udagawa, T. Tsurukai, R. Nishinakamura, Y. Toyama, Y. Yabe, M. Hori, et al. Human Osteoclast-Like Cells Are Formed from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in a Coculture with SaOS-2 Cells Transfected with the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTH-Related Protein Receptor Gene Endocrinology, February 1, 1999; 140(2): 925 - 932. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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X. Feng, S. L. Teitelbaum, M. E. Quiroz, D. A. Towler, and F. P. Ross Cloning of the Murine beta 5 Integrin Subunit Promoter. IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL SEQUENCE MEDIATING GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR-DEPENDENT REPRESSION OF beta 5 INTEGRIN GENE TRANSCRIPTION J. Biol. Chem., January 15, 1999; 274(3): 1366 - 1374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. A. Rodan Bone homeostasis PNAS, November 10, 1998; 95(23): 13361 - 13362. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Fuller, B. Wong, S. Fox, Y. Choi, and T. J. Chambers TRANCE Is Necessary and Sufficient for Osteoblast-mediated Activation of Bone Resorption in Osteoclasts J. Exp. Med., September 7, 1998; 188(5): 997 - 1001. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Frost, K. B. Jonsson, H. Brändström, C. Ohlsson, S. Ljunghall, and O. Ljunggren Interleukin-13 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Stimulates Interleukin-6 Formation in Isolated Human Osteoblasts J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1998; 83(9): 3285 - 3289. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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H. Harada, T. Kukita, A. Kukita, Y. Iwamoto, and T. Iijima Involvement of Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1 and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Osteoclastogenesis: A Possible Role in Direct Interaction between Osteoclast Precursors Endocrinology, September 1, 1998; 139(9): 3967 - 3975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. S. Kwon, S. Wang, N. Udagawa, V. Haridas, Z. H. Lee, K. K. Kim, K.-o. Oh, J. Greene, Y. Li, J. Su, et al. TR1, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, induces fibroblast proliferation and inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption FASEB J, July 1, 1998; 12(10): 845 - 854. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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G. Mbalaviele, R. Nishimura, A. Myoi, M. Niewolna, S. V. Reddy, D. Chen, J. Feng, D. Roodman, G. R. Mundy, and T. Yoneda Cadherin-6 Mediates the Heterotypic Interactions between the Hemopoietic Osteoclast Cell Lineage and Stromal Cells in a Murine Model of Osteoclast Differentiation J. Cell Biol., June 15, 1998; 141(6): 1467 - 1476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Chellaiah, C. Fitzgerald, U. Alvarez, and K. Hruska c-Src Is Required for Stimulation of Gelsolin-associated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase J. Biol. Chem., May 8, 1998; 273(19): 11908 - 11916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Hill, A. Tumber, S. Papaioannou, and M. C. Meikle The Cellular Actions of Interleukin-11 on Bone Resorption in Vitro Endocrinology, April 1, 1998; 139(4): 1564 - 1572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B.-Y. Liu, J. Guo, B. Lanske, P. Divieti, H. M. Kronenberg, and F. R. Bringhurst Conditionally Immortalized Murine Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Mediate Parathyroid Hormone-Dependent Osteoclastogenesis in Vitro Endocrinology, April 1, 1998; 139(4): 1952 - 1964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Yasuda, N. Shima, N. Nakagawa, K. Yamaguchi, M. Kinosaki, S.-i. Mochizuki, A. Tomoyasu, K. Yano, M. Goto, A. Murakami, et al. Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL PNAS, March 31, 1998; 95(7): 3597 - 3602. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. N. Weilbaecher, C. L. Hershey, C. M. Takemoto, M. A. Horstmann, T. J. Hemesath, A. H. Tashjian Jr., and D. E. Fisher Age-resolving Osteopetrosis: A Rat Model Implicating Microphthalmia and the Related Transcription Factor TFE3 J. Exp. Med., March 2, 1998; 187(5): 775 - 785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Rubin, D. M. Biskobing, L. Jadhav, D. Fan, M. S. Nanes, S. Perkins, and X. Fan Dexamethasone Promotes Expression of Membrane-Bound Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Murine Osteoblast-Like Cells Endocrinology, March 1, 1998; 139(3): 1006 - 1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Yasuda, N. Shima, N. Nakagawa, S.-I. Mochizuki, K. Yano, N. Fujise, Y. Sato, M. Goto, K. Yamaguchi, M. Kuriyama, et al. Identity of Osteoclastogenesis Inhibitory Factor (OCIF) and Osteoprotegerin (OPG): A Mechanism by which OPG/OCIF Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in Vitro Endocrinology, March 1, 1998; 139(3): 1329 - 1337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Kusano, C. Miyaura, M. Inada, T. Tamura, A. Ito, H. Nagase, K. Kamoi, and T. Suda Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-2, -3, -9, and -13) by Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6 in Mouse Calvaria: Association of MMP Induction with Bone Resorption Endocrinology, March 1, 1998; 139(3): 1338 - 1345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Yamaguchi, M. Kinosaki, M. Goto, F. Kobayashi, E. Tsuda, T. Morinaga, and K. Higashio Characterization of Structural Domains of Human Osteoclastogenesis Inhibitory Factor J. Biol. Chem., February 27, 1998; 273(9): 5117 - 5123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Inoue, M. Reid, L. Lum, J. Kratzschmar, G. Weskamp, Y. M. Myung, R. Baron, and C. P. Blobel Cloning and Initial Characterization of Mouse Meltrin beta and Analysis of the Expression of Four MetalloproteaseDisintegrins in Bone Cells J. Biol. Chem., February 13, 1998; 273(7): 4180 - 4187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Jemtland, K. Lee, and G. V. Segre Heterogeneity Among Cells That Express Osteoclast-Associated Genes in Developing Bone Endocrinology, January 1, 1998; 139(1): 340 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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